When settlers arrived on Easter Island in the 14th century, statues were all that remained of a once advanced civilization. The former society had used wood for almost everything and eventually depleted the island’s resources, causing the demise of its people. On Thursday, Timo Busch, a visiting professor from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, used the example of Easter Island as a cautionary tale in a talk at Concordia University on the future of the global economy. In his talk, Busch discussed the constraints on the supply of carbon, the limited supply of fossil fuels, and increasing greenhouse gas emissions. Busch has conducted research on the effects of carbon emission levels on the economy that shows that companies with lower levels of emissions are more financially successful. Many companies, however, fail to invest time or capital into emission reduction. Busch expressed concern that managers and CEOs were not willing to work on reducing their carbon footprints. He explained that due to the transient nature of their jobs, upper-level employees tend only to think from one financial quarter to another and fail to see the economic benefits of a long-term plan for carbon emission reductions. “It’s an urgent call for companies to consider climate change and energy issues, especially given the outcome of Copenhagen,” said Busch. The Copenhagen Accord, drafted in December, calls for international action to limit the global average temperature increase to 2 C between now and 2020. But at the current emissions rate, some studies predict that temperatures will exceed that 2 C limit. This temperature increase, Busch said, could lead to severe depletion of food supplies, damage to ecosystems, and increased likelihood of major natural disasters. Busch suggested hesitant managers start with “the low hanging fruit,” such as turning off light switches or reducing fuel usage when possible. He also recommended carbon trading-where companies reduce CO2 emissions and sell their reductions to other companies incapable of reducing their own carbon output-as another useful method. Companies often begin efforts to reduce carbon emissions by comparing themselves to their competitors. Busch suggested that these relative measurements are a good first step, but relative progress is not the same as real progress. “For something to be green it has to be better for the biosphere, not better than the alternative,” said Alex Oster, Manager of Student Life relations at Concordia. The talk was part of a lecture series hosted by the David O’Brien Centre for Sustainable Enterprise. The centre brings professors from around the world to Concordia to speak and collaborate with the university. Pascual Berrone, another visiting professor in the series, attended the lecture and believes Busch has the right idea, but is concerned companies might not put Busch’s ideas into practice. “My doubt is whether or not managers and CEOs are really keen to make this big investment or engage in highly risky endeavours,” he said. Busch, however, argued for immediate action. “Companies should act now, do the right things right now, and reduce the uncertainty of having a serious breakdown.”

In an attempt to stimulate the economy in the wake of the financial crisis and as part of an effort to improve Canada’s research infrastructure, the federal government granted McGill over $100 million in January 2008 to be used in infrastructure improvement. The money is currently fuelling an explosion of construction projects across campus. The McIntyre Medical Building, McDonald Engineering Building, and Otto Mass Chemistry Building are the three biggest projects. Each renovation will cost roughly $30 million, which must be spent before March 31, 2011 to meet the terms of the grants.

“We are trying to do all this work in these three buildings while keeping the buildings operational, so we’ve moved as many people as humanly possible out of the way to minimize the disruption on teaching and research activities,” said Associate Vice-Principal Jim Nicell (University Services). “But there is no question that it is disrupted.”

According to Nicell, McGill does not usually practice fast-paced construction, but in this case a deadline had to be met. The university generally does not invest over $500,000 per month on a project.

“Today, we are three-fold above that level,” he said. “The great thing about it is we are really trying to make sure we are doing everything in a really smart way. We are trying to make sure that whenever we fix something, we are putting it in a state that will last for the next 50 to 100 years, depending on the structure.”

Nicell explained that it was difficult to coordinate so many projects at the same time without disrupting each other and regular university activities. The federal government’s fund was added to additional funds to bring the total spent on infrastructure to $300 million.

Robert Stanley, McGill’s director of project management, explained that having to spend the money within two years constrained McGill enormously, especially since buildings still need to be occupied and the functionality of the university has to be maintained.

“It would be different if we could empty a building and then just move in, but we can’t. [Professors] still have their teaching that has to go on,” Nicell said. “And of course, with the Quebec and federal governments wanting to show progress on stimulus of the economy, we were stuck with these very firm deadlines.”

Out of the nine projects proposed to the federal government, four were approved. McGill’s strategy centred on individual buildings.

“The practicalities of the timeline forced us to look at certain projects as a priority, so we did [it on] a building-by-building basis,” Nicell said.

Although it is a federal initiative, the provincial government has contributed 50 per cent of the funds for the construction projects. Besides the three major construction projects, there are also a number of deferred maintenance projects going on at McGill. According to Stanley, these are “the renewal of systems and installations that are worn out, that were not dealt with in the past but need to be dealt with to consolidate the university’s infrastructure for the future.” These deferred maintenance projects include the restoration of the Arts Building facade, the roofing of the Redpath Museum, the reconstruction of the exterior terrace at the Stewart Biology Building, and some less visible projects, such as the Lyman Duff Building upgrade. All of these were funded by Quebec as part of the Capital Grant for the university from the Ministry of Education.

“We made a case three years ago and basically the government acknowledged that we had a major deferred maintenance project, and a lot of it is because of the nature of our buildings-they’re historic,” Nicell said. “They have already given us two installments of $25 million a year for deferred maintenance.”

Other projects include the Service Point, which is in its final stage, the $36 million brain imaging centre at the Montreal Neurological Institute, the pipe replacement along Dr. Penfield Avenue-which was funded by the city of Montreal-and the Molson Stadium expansion, which was funded by Quebec, the City of Montreal, and the Alouettes.

“Behind the scenes there are well over 800 projects at the university, ranging from a tiny $1,000 here and there up to multimillion-dollar projects,” Nicell said. “It’s a huge number that we are managing right now.” The current construction boom is the largest in decades, Stanley said.

“The university has never had such an intense itinerary of construction projects ongoing at the same time,” he said.

Diane Liegey, a U3 political science student, said she was happy with the finished projects at McGill.

“The last construction by the ex-Milton Gates is great, it looks much nicer now, there’s more space to sit down and eat so I am happy McGill is making all these changes,” said Leigey. “As long as it doesn’t affect my studies I really don’t mind. If they were cutting back on space for students to study or removing classroom space then I would be upset about it, but they have managed to keep disruptions to a minimum.”

 

A study conducted by researchers at the McGill University Health Centre has determined that cannabis can be an effective method of pain relief for patients suffering from neuropathic pain. The study, recently published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal, has added to the heated debate over the use of cannabis as a medical treatment.

Lead by Dr. Mark Ware, associate professor of anaesthesiology and family medicine and the director of clinical research at the MUHC’s Alan Edwards Pain Management Unit, the study researched the effects of supplying varying amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-the active ingredient in cannabis-in 25 milligrams of inhaled cannabis to 23 patients. The trials showed that when patients received the most potent of the samples-9.4 per cent THC-they reported the most significant reduction in pain as well as an enhanced ability to fall asleep and sleep more soundly.

Through research and appropriate application, scientists are hoping to alter the public’s perception of the use of cannabis for medical purposes. The goal is to better understand the positive effects of the substance in patients, and how to access these benefits.

“The challenge is to find ways to harness that system for therapeutic value,” Ware said. “This is a very scientific and medical approach. A lot of people won’t consider use [of cannabis] because of its association with recreational use.”

While researchers strive to understand more about the use of cannabis in the world of medicine, some patients aren’t waiting for the research to tell them about its pain-relieving effects.

“We have published surveys that say 10-15 per cent of patients coming to this clinic are already using it,” Ware said.

Gabriella Gobbi, an associate professor in the department of psychiatry and a researcher at the MUHC, released a study in 2009 about the long-term effects of marijuana on adolescents. The study concluded that long-term marijuana use could lead to a decrease in serotonin transmission and an increase in norepinephrine transmission, the latter of which could lead to mood disorders and greater susceptibility to stress.

However, Gobbi supports the use of cannabis for medical purposes as well as the research of cannabinoid-derived medicine that will allow doctors to make new discoveries in medicine.

“Cannabis is a medicine with pharmaceutical properties and side effects,” Gobbi said. “Cannabis should be used as a medicine, [and] not for recreational use.”

Blair T. Longley, registered leader of the Marijuana Party of Canada, was happy to know doctors have begun to make strides in the field of medicinal cannabis, but said he was not surprised by the results of the study.

“It’s sledgehammer science, proving things that have been known for thousands of years,” Longley said. “You don’t really need to prove this to anybody who has firsthand experience with treating pain or insomnia with marijuana.”

While the potential of cannabis as a medical treatment sounds promising, researchers said it should not be thought of as a new miracle drug.

“It’s certainly not a drug that is going to work for everybody,” Ware said. “It’s not a class of compounds that will be effective with every condition. It’s not a magic drug. It’s going to have its uses with certain patients with certain conditions. The challenge is to figure out which ones those are and to provide evidence.”

Board’s constitution, which require that the administration consult students and the Board before making major changes.

Among several changes, one of the biggest adjustments for the proposed Athletics Advisory Board would involve the budget approval system.

“[The former board] had a huge say over the budget,” Abaki said. “The budget couldn’t go to the Board of Governors before it was approved by the Athletics Board. In the new structure, since it’s an advisory board, the athletics director can pretty much do whatever he likes.”

Abaki said that this change is especially worrisome because students fund athletics entirely through ancillary funds.

“Students fund athletics services entirely, and for students not to have a say in where the money goes … it’s just not right,” he said. “Since students fund these services, they should have been consulted-so it violates, of course, the Charter of Students’ Rights.”

Abaki also expressed concern over the possible lack of accountability for the athletics director if the Athletics Board does not have as much power as it did in previous years.

Drew Love, McGill’s executive director of athletics and recreation, said he sees the situation differently.

“It doesn’t change my accountability at all because I continue to report through the Deputy Provost,” Love said. “All of the annual operating budgets that I prepare are presented through his office and on to the Board of Governors as part of a roll up of all budgets. I think in the end, the same student voice will be heard and a balanced representation is there on the new board.”

Abaki sees this move by the administration as a continuation of what he described as the “administration versus governance argument.” Abaki explained that the administration believes it should be separate from governance so that it would be free to make budgetary decisions without consulting the student representatives.

“The Deputy Provost basically told us that consultation on budgetary issues is not the direction in which the administration is moving,” Abaki said. “By and large they do not want to consult students when it involves money.”

On the other hand, Love explained that McGill has been spending time reviewing the terms of reference for various committees to ensure that they were relevant and well drafted. Love said there were concerns that the original terms of reference of the Athletics Board had no real reporting or accountability structure.

“The changes that were designed were there to insure that students continued to have a balanced, represented position on the Board, but that the terms were written up as they correctly should be: as an advisory board, and not [to] have the appearance of a stand alone corporate entity, which it never had, but some people may have perceived it to be,” Love said.

“In summary, we find it troubling that students were consulted only as an afterthought and were not involved in the process of drafting the new structures,” added Abaki in his memo to Mendelson. “These are the same students who have been incredibly kind in understanding the underfunded nature of the university, and who have, over the years, contributed millions to build, maintain, and refurbish our athletics facilities as well as support our athletics teams.”