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Laughing Matters, Opinion

Breaking: It’s still winter in Montreal

Don’t be fooled by the recent thaw: It’s still winter in Montreal. Lest we forget, somewhere between Halloween and finals, it got really cold. The trees lost their leaves, the birds headed south for warmer weather, and the squirrels took a break from chewing through our trash bags outside. Seasoned veterans know that the Montreal winter is a unique phenomenon that affects each and every one of us. For those who have not experienced Montreal winter yet, a few surprises still lie ahead.

If you are brave enough to walk outside, there is a good chance you will arrive at your destination with little-to-no feeling in your hands, feet, and face. Knowing this, it is wise to plan accordingly and show up to important meetings, social gatherings, and events with sufficient time to defrost. A time tested standard is five minutes defrosting for every twenty spent outside.

Winter also affects our social interactions. From Dec. 21 until March 19, approximately 73 per cent of all conversations amongst students will begin with a comment about how cold it is outside, how many centimetres of snow their bike was buried under, or how many times they almost slipped on ice getting down their apartment stairs. Scientists are still not sure why we discuss the season so frequently, but a widely accepted theory is that winter cannot stand when people are not talking about it, so it pulls stunts like these to remind everyone that it is here and demands full and undivided attention.

 

It can be neither denied nor confirmed that winter is the reason fusion restaurants exist.

Besides physiological and social phenomena, winter has psychological effects on us as well. Studies suggest a perfectly negative correlation between temperature and creativity. They say necessity is the mother of innovation—when it is negative 25 degrees Celsius outside, and the only things in the fridge are tofu, cheddar cheese, pesto sauce, and an onion, you tend to get very creative with meals. It can be neither denied nor confirmed that winter is the reason fusion restaurants exist.

Winter also changes how we see everyday things in our environment. For instance, in the summer, a bus stop may be just a bus stop. In the winter, however, this shelter is astonishingly repurposed into a safe haven from the cold on a long walk at night. In the summer, a local dep may be a convenient place to buy snacks and drinks—in the winter, it too becomes a place of shelter from a snowstorm. And, of course, there is the McLennan library. In the spring and autumn, it is a place for students to focus on their schoolwork; however, come winter, it is miraculously transformed into a sanctuary to avoid the icy walk home. With its 24 hour accommodations, winter refugees never even have to leave. Simply stake out a seldom visited aisle on the sixth floor and sublet your room in your Plateau apartment.

One can go on for hours about what a Montreal winter actually is, and the ways it makes us feel, think, and act. It introduces a new dynamic into our lives, even if that dynamic means testing how long we can stay in our homes before going absolutely crazy. Whether through a frosty breeze off the Saint Lawrence river or a nice chunk of snow falling on your head on the walk to school, the Montreal winter builds an icy resolve in all who brave it.

 

 

 

Michael Kalman is a U2 Management student.

 

 

 
McGill, News

Senate Report on CAMSR Open Forums on Sustainability seeks to address participant frustrations

At the Jan. 18 meeting of the McGill Senate, Provost and Vice-Principal (Academic) Christopher Manfredi presented a Report on the McGill Committee to Advise on Matters of Social Responsibility’s (CAMSR) September Open Forums on Sustainability and a written response to its recommendations. In addition, senators addressed questions submitted by Students’ Society of McGill University (SSMU) President Ben Ger and Vice-President (VP) University Affairs Erin Sobat regarding the Senate’s capacity to make recommendations on the governance practices of the Board of Governors (BoG).

 

Report and response to CAMSR Open Forums on Sustainability

A report on CAMSR’s Open Forums on Sustainability, as well as Manfredi’s written response, were presented to the Senate. In September 2016, CAMSR held three Open Forums on Sustainability to gather community input on the recommendations of the CAMSR Report on Divestment that was published in March 2016. The Report on Divestment was released in response to Divest McGill’s February 2015 petition, which called for the university’s divestment from major fossil fuel companies.

The forums were held to address Divest McGill’s dissatisfaction with CAMSR’s rejection of divestment and with the way the report was conducted. Specifically, the student group took issue with CAMSR’s lack of transparency in its consultation with experts and the insufficient community input on the report’s findings. In response to these concerns, Principal and Vice-Chancellor Suzanne Fortier committed to holding public forums in order to invite community dialogue on sustainability and the CAMSR recommendations.

The open forums sought community responses to two specific recommendations of the 2016 report: The creation of a plan to reduce McGill’s carbon footprint while pursuing ongoing sustainability research and education, and the development of concrete measures to ensure that all of McGill’s investments comply with recognized Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles.

“I was truly impressed with how the community came together,” associate professor of law Frédéric Bachand, who chaired the three open forums, said in his remarks to the Senate. “To offer advice and insight on how to improve McGill’s response to what is surely one of the greatest challenges of our time.”

Disappointment with the recommendations of CAMSR’s 2016 report and consequently weakened sense of trust in the administration’s commitment to sustainability were common themes of the open discussions, according to Bachand.

Given these findings, Manfredi’s response identified several measures for relevant university actors to pursue. These included setting a target date and plan for McGill to become a carbon-neutral institution and continuing to develop channels for community engagement with respect to sustainability.

“[It was] the trust and the breaking of trust that was a major concern to the McGill community,” Science Senator Sean Taylor said regarding forum participants’ frustration with CAMSR and the BoG’s handling of Divest McGill’s petition.

Sobat also underlined Manfredi’s failure to address the recommendations related to the loss of trust in the administration.

“Something I noticed [that was] not included [in the response] were recommendations or responses addressing section A of the report, around the breakdown in trust, specifically with administration and governance practices in the university,” Sobat said.

The report and response will be presented to the BoG on Feb. 2.

 

Question regarding university governance best practices

In December 2016, SSMU President Ben Ger proposed a comprehensive review of McGill’s governance structure and statutes. The aim of this review would be to compare McGill’s existing structures with those at other universities in order to determine the best practices to improve community engagement. Various members of the board opposed the proposal. BoG Chair Stuart Cobbett said that the review was not the best use of BoG resources and that the proposal lacked specificity.

“It is just you need to understand what it is you are looking for and questions need to be focused so the answers can be focused,” Cobbett said. “We are not running a broad ranging discussion, we need to have focused questions and we need to have focused answers.

On Jan. 18, Manfredi provided a written response, on behalf of the Senate, to two questions submitted prior to the meeting. The questions submitted were “What opportunities exist for Senators, and Senate as a whole, to provide recommendations regarding governance practices to the Board of Governors?” and “Given that the cyclical review process has recently been extended to include administrative units, would the University consider implementing this model for a review of governance bodies?” posed by Ger and Sobat. The questions were prompted in part by the SSMU November 2016 “A Seat at the Table: An Analysis of the McGill University Board of Governors” report that evaluates the current structure and administration of the BoG.

Manfredi said that when reviewing governance practices that implicate the academic mission of the university, the BoG has received and will continue to receive recommendations from the Senate. Manfredi’s response outlined the existing channels through which senators can provide recommendations, including the newly implemented bi-annual Board community sessions.
SSMU’s request for a cyclical review process for the BoG was rejected, as it would place the Office of the Provost and Vice-Principal (Academic)—the body currently responsible for the cyclical review of other administrative units—in charge of reviewing the unit to which it ultimately reports.

A previous version of this article incorrectly spelled Board of Governors Chair Stuart Cobbett's name. The Tribune regrets this error.

Editorial, Opinion

McGill must demonstrate why it matters for millennials

Last week, McGill Principal and Vice-Chancellor Suzanne Fortier attended the annual World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos, Switzerland on behalf of McGill—the only Canadian university invited. In an article for The Montreal Gazette, titled “Why Davos Matters for Millennials,” Fortier discussed the purpose of her trip and the message she presented. She emphasized the importance of working with a variety of industries to better prepare university students for the “intractable problems” of the future, like climate change and income inequality.

Fortier’s presence in Davos directly reflects the continued value of promoting McGill’s brand on the world stage. She was accompanied by several preeminent McGill researchers and academics, who presented at Davos on issues of sustainability. McGill’s status as the only Canadian university present at the conference speaks to the weight of the McGill name; Fortier’s participation will hopefully help ensure that the university continues to be seen as a world-class institution that is active on the international scene. A university’s global reputation for providing a quality education is more important than ever in many of today’s highly competitive job markets.

The Davos conference is a reminder of the Principal’s role as the public face of the university. One service the Principal can provide is ensuring that other schools, academics, and prospective employers see a McGill diploma as a valuable and respected commodity.

However, promoting and maintaining respect for the McGill brand goes beyond promises from Fortier, or participation in conferences like the WEF. To preserve and further develop itself as an institution for the twenty-first century, McGill must attempt to impress not only international elites, but also other groups, like current and prospective students, faculty, and alumni. Each of these groups evaluate  the university based on different criteria and their judgements have important consequences for the McGill brand. 

Students, for instance, look to aspects like the university’s quality of teaching, transparency, and responsiveness to student demands when assessing their school. Poor performance in these areas could result in disgruntled graduates who are less inclined to recommend the school to others. Fortier has garnered criticism in the past for being out of touch with the student body, such as in her opposition to alumni and student calls for divestment from fossil fuel companies. Representing the university externally should not mean losing contact with the genuine concerns of its more local community members.

Furthermore, Fortier’s statements about Davos were conspicuously lacking in specifics. Her talk of McGill as a university stepping up to the challenges of the future may help the school’s brand, but following up with concrete action to ensure that McGill meets those challenges is most important. For instance, Fortier wrote of the growing need “to expose students to learning opportunities outside the university,” yet gave no concrete indication of how McGill plans to accomplish this goal. The vision Fortier laid out for McGill at Davos is commendable, yet still needs to be translated into tangible and effective action. 

To best prepare McGill students for the future, it is essential that the university improve itself in areas beyond research. The examples for areas of improvement are countless, and include indigenous representation, equitable hiring practices, and mental health support. The recent Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Systemic Discrimination revealed continued discrimination in the McGill faculty. McGill offices, student societies, and community members are working hard to promote change in these and other salient issue areas. Without concrete action here at McGill, its portrayal abroad may come to feel disingenuous to the university’s closest stakeholders. 

McGill’s reputation–like that of any university today–is a complex and multifaceted topic. Fortier’s presence at the WEF certainly benefits the university, yet the audience of Davos is only one of the many groups that McGill must satisfy if the university wants to retain its position as a premier institution. Going forward, the administration must now focus on making a reality of Fortier’s promises at Davos, as well as its obligations to its students and faculty at home. Only in this way can McGill show its students and staff, as well as the international community, that it is deserving of its reputation.

 

Podcasts, Sports, The Sport Authority

McGill Tribune Sports Podcast: Discussing mental health issues with Michael Landsberg

Aaron Rose and Wasif Husain chat with Michael Landsberg about mental health issues and Bell Let’s Talk day. Landsberg shares his story about his struggle with depression, the moment he realized he could help, and an emotional story about saving someone’s life. They talk about how professional athletes and men in particular deal with and mask mental health issues. With suicide accounting for 24 per cent of all deaths among 18 to 24 year olds, they discuss how today’s youth can notice and help their peers struggling with mental health issues. Lastly, they talk about how to get involved in Bell Let’s Talk day on Jan. 25 and support mental health related issues the rest of the year through Landsberg’s website sicknotweak.com.

[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/304196794″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]

If you or someone you know is struggling with mental health issues, the following services are available to help.

McGill Peer Support Centre

Students’ Society of McGill University (SSMU) Building

Room 411 (4th floor)

3480 Rue McTavish

Montreal, QC H3A 0E7

Hours: Monday – Friday, 11AM – 7PM

Nightline

7 days a week

6pm-3am

Tel: 514-398 6246

Quebec Suicide Hotline

24/7 phone service for those in crisis

Tel: 1-866-827-3553

Mental Health and Counselling services

Brown Student Services Building

3600 McTavish, Suites 4200 and 5500

Montreal, Quebec

H3A 0G3

Tel: 514-398-6019 or 514-398-3601

McGill Mental Health Hub

Mcgillmentalhealthhub.ca

—————————————————–

Produced and edited by Noah Sutton and Aaron Rose

Music provided by Fyodorovitch, "Depression" / CC BY.

Martlets, Sports

Martlet volleyball dig their way to victory

After splitting the first four sets, Martlet volleyball (6-7) rallied 18-16 in the final set to upset the visiting Laval Rouge et Or (7-6) in RSEQ play at the fifth annual Dig for the Cure game on Friday, Jan. 20. 

Martlet third-years Myriam Robitaille, Thara Dawoodjee, and Emilie Matte de Grasse were critical in the victory. Robitaille and Matte de Grasse combined for 27 kills, while Dawoodjee put up a game-leading 45 assists. 

“[We had] really good offence,” Head Coach Rachele Beliveau said. “We still need to work on the defence, but the defence today was much better than all [of our] other games and that kept us in the game.” 

Friday’s match marked the fifth edition of Martlet Volleyball’s annual Dig for the Cure game, with 50 per cent of ticket sales going to the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation. Additionally, throughout the week, Martlet sports raised money through bake sales. On game day, the team donned pink jerseys and donated $2 per dig to breast cancer research. The Martlets managed an impressive 58 digs over the course of the night, raising an additional $116. 

“I think we had one exchange that was probably […] 10 digs,” Robitaille said. “Dig after dig after dig. [It was] like a $20 exchange.”

 The Martlets are just past the midpoint in their 20-game season. After Friday’s win, they travelled to Ottawa, where they downed the Gee-Gees 3-1 on Jan. 21. As they look towards the remaining seven games of regular season play, the Martlets aren’t taking any opponents lightly.

 “Our league is very tight,” Middle blocker Érika Cournoyer said. “We only have one or two games between each other.”

 This weekend’s results moved the Martlets up one spot into fourth place, giving them a playoff seed. While day-to-day preparations wane as the season draws on, the Martlets are doing their best to focus on their immediate future hoping for a postseason berth.

 “We go one by one,” Beliveau said.

The Martlets next play UQÁM at home on Jan. 28. The two squads have split their previous meetings this season, taking both games to five sets. Expect a hard-fought game as the Martlets look to carry this weekend’s momentum into next weekend’s match-ups.

 

Stat Corner

The McGill attack had a 0.223 hitting percentage, while Laval only manage a 0.050.

Key Moment

Every single combination between setter Thara Dawoodjee  and  middle Myriam Robitaille.

Quotable

“Seriously, it’s Dig for the Cure and we [dug] like hell today!” – Middle blocker Érika Cournoyer.

News

Canadians join the Women’s March on Washington

On Jan. 21, the day after Donald Trump’s inauguration as the 45th President of the United States, over 200,000 people are expected to take to the streets of Washington D.C. to make their voices heard for human rights.

The movement started with Hawaiian grandmother Teresa Shook, who posted on Facebook in the early hours of Nov. 9 stating that she wanted to protest against a Trump presidency. The idea rapidly grew as thousands expressed their desire to join her, eventually becoming the Women’s March on Washington. Today, six hundred and sixteen sister marches have been organized around the world—anyone can organize a march by contacting the organization. From Montreal to Myanmar, an estimated 1.3 million people are expected to protest, some of whom will be McGill students. Several buses to transport protesters from major Canadian cities to Washington sold out, including every Montreal bus.

The Women’s March on Washington isn’t just for women; hundreds of minority groups have partnered with the March, including Planned Parenthood and the Muslim Women’s Alliance. Nor is the March specifically anti-Trump; it began out of a concern that women’s rights would be at risk under a Trump presidency, but has since grown into a movement calling for governments to respect the rights and freedoms of all genders, sexualities and religious groups, and those with disabilities. As its website states, “We work peacefully while recognizing there is no true peace without justice and equity for all.”

~
The Montreal sister marchManif des Femmes Montreal—will take place from 11:00 a.m. on Jan. 21 at Place-des-Arts. Follow the Tribune on Twitter for live updates from the March on Washington.

McGill, News

Uncover McGill hosts dialogue on justice and forgiveness

Uncover McGill, a series of talks across six days aimed at sparking conversations about spirituality-related topics among members of the McGill community began on Jan. 16. The first day’s panel, “A Dialogue on God”, hosted in the Students’ Society of McGill University (SSMU) ballroom, discussed the meaning of forgiveness and justice among the three monotheistic Abrahamic religions—Islam, Judaism, and Christianity—featured Shaykh Hamdi Ben Aissa, Rabbi Mark Fishman, and Christian scholar Abdu Murray. The talks are organized and hosted by Hillel McGill, the Muslim Students’ Association (MSA), Newman Catholic Students’ Society, Power to Change, ICON, McGill Christian Fellowship, Ravi Zacharias International Ministries, in addition to a collaboration with Queer McGill.

 

Islam

“What is forgiveness?” asked Shaykh Hamdi Ben Aissa from the Sanad Collective, an Ottawa-based group of Islamic chaplains, teachers, and elders. “Forgiveness is the way to heal the pain we have caused others, caused by ourselves, and being caused by others.”

Speaking to students and faculty members, Shaykh Hamdi emphasized that forgiveness is a critical aspect in Islam by referring to the story of the Garden of Eden. Unlike Christianity, Islam does not believe in the concept of original sin, which is the idea that all human beings share Adam’s sin and must be redeemed by God.

“We don’t see prophet Adam as having caused us to leave the Garden,” Shaykh Hamdi said. “For Muslims, Adam’s story is not one about blame and guilt, but it is about the glory of forgiveness, and the beauty of being able to seek it and receive it.”

 

Judaism

Rabbi Mark Fishman, from Congregation Beth Tikvah in the West Island of Montreal, began his talk by pointing out that Judaism shares a very different view of forgiveness.

“There is a famous statement made in Judaism,” Rabbi Fishman said. “Before a person can gain forgiveness from God, they first have to be able to gain forgiveness from their fellow human being. If indeed you haven’t received that type of forgiveness from your fellow, it’s not going to help much because heaven isn’t going to help you either.”

Rabbi Fishman cited a story from The Sunflower, a book written by Holocaust survivor Simon Wiesenthal. In the book, Wiesenthal recalls his experience in a concentration camp with a terminally ill Nazi soldier. The soldier, who knows he is going to die soon, asks Wiesenthal for forgiveness; the Nazi soldier passes away before Wiesenthal responds.

Wiesenthal asked leading scholars around the world, including Jewish, Islamic, and Christian intellectuals, whether they would have forgiven the Nazi. 

“And, fascinatingly, the overwhelming majority of Christians who wrote their responses was, ‘Yes, we could forgive.’ And almost every single Jewish response that was given was, ‘No, we don’t forgive,’” Rabbi Fishman said.

Rabbi Fishman added that he didn’t believe the Jewish response was an overwhelming ‘no’ because of Wiesenthal’s ethnicity, but instead underlines the differences in beliefs on the idea of forgiveness.

 

Christianity

Abdu Murray, the North American Director of Ravi Zacharias International Ministries, highlighted the seemingly paradoxical nature of justice and forgiveness: Justice is getting what one deserves, while forgiveness is receiving something one does not deserve.

From a Christian theological standpoint, however, God must be both just and forgiving. 

“If God is a maximally great being, […] then his justice is a powerful, great-making virtue [that] can never be compromised,” Murray said. “And his forgiveness, which is a powerful, great-making virtue, can never be compromised.”

Murray points to Jesus’ resurrection as a prime example of how God can be just and forgiving: Jesus Christ was nailed on the cross to pay for the sins of mankind, and the resurrection of Jesus proved God’s power to forgive.

“There is a consequence that if you accept the gift God has given you, there is a condition […] before you accept, Jesus says, ‘I get to change you,’” Murray said.

Features

Being Queer: Unpacking the term and its many meanings

Jean-Felix Caron is a U3 East Asian Studies Major from Quebec City. He enjoys playing role-playing video games.

“I am currently in this phase of my life where I’m re-questioning the labels I’ve had in the last few years,” he said. “I’m definitely now in the moment where I identify as gender non-binary [or] genderqueer. Sexuality is something I still can’t really put a label on at the moment so I would go with queer because it seems like the best word to label it with.”

Josika Gupta is a U4 Psychology Major from Mumbai, India. She loves comics, Netflix, and big dogs.

“I personally [describe myself as] queer,” she said, “But I’m primarily attracted to women.”

Muhan Zhang is a U2 East Asian Studies and Art History Major from Vancouver. She is currently learning how to play piano.

“I identify as bi,” she said. “Sometimes I put the sexual on there, but sometimes it’s a bit much.But most of the time I’m just a human being. I think now I say queer more than anything else. If I’m going to throw something out there randomly I’ll say queer.”

Hannah Beach-Byrnes is a U3 Cultural Studies Major from the Greater Toronto Area. She is an experienced fencer.

McGill, News

McGill Faculty of Law introduces intensive course on indigenous law

After its holiday break, the Faculty of Law launched a week-long intensive course on indigenous law as part of its mandatory first-year Integration Workshop. The first of its kind at McGill, the course sets out to introduce first-year law students to indigenous legal tradition.

The 2015 Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) called for Canadian law schools to educate students on the legacy of indigenous culture. Co-Chair of the McGill Provost’s Task Force on Indigenous Studies and Indigenous Education Angela Campbell weighed in on how McGill is responding to the call of the TRC.

“[The Task Force] is making important progress toward its mandate of heeding the TRC’s Calls to Action and exploring initiatives that seek to embed indigeneity into diverse activities at McGill,” Campbell said. “[This includes] student recruitment and support, teaching and learning, research, community-engagement, and capacity building.”

Coordinator of the First People’s House and Co-Chair of the Task Force Paige Isaac expressed her optimism for the course.

“It’s our hope that the Task Force recommendations help build a foundation which will empower the McGill community to […] enhance relationships between Aboriginal peoples and non-Aboriginal peoples at the university and beyond,” Isaac said.

McGill Professor Hoi Kong co-taught the course with Professors Hadley Friedland from the University of Alberta and Val Napoleon from the University of Victoria.

“The focus was on learning how to learn,” Friedland said. “My objective […] was to provide all first-year law students with some common theoretical and practical tools for approaching indigenous laws, and about resources and methods for engaging with indigenous laws today.”

The week-long course is designed to alternate between larger classes and smaller group meetings, in which students have the chance to discuss and apply the concepts they learned through a series of exercises. To respect the sensitivity that often surrounds the treatment of Aboriginal people’s cultures, the faculty took an open approach to generate discussions.

“I think that the only way for us to teach indigenous law well is to face that history square on, and to think about its impact on indigenous societies and their laws,” Kong said. “This is a historic moment and the Faculty of Law at McGill is committed to this project of reconciliation.”

Instead of teaching the students indigenous law, which is written by the Canadian government to govern relations with Aboriginal peoples, the intensive course focuses on Indigenous law, which includes laws made by Indigenous peoples for Indigenous communities.

The novelty of the course brought uncertainties. First-year law student Jan Nato explained a common concern among some of his colleagues.

“Some people feared we were viewing it through a Western lens,” Nato said. “But my analogy is that, when you first begin to learn a language, you have to translate every single word of the language in your brain. Once you truly get to know the language, you can start to think in the language.”

After the course comes to an end,  students will continue to explore indigenous culture in an obligatory Criminal Justice course. In their second year, they will also be introduced to Indigenous Property Law.

Nato recounted that his overall experience was liberating. He noted that although the course might not be perfectly done, it is an important first step in understanding indigenous law.

“Oftentimes, we are stuck as observers of indigenous law in some sort of paralysis between fear of imposing ourselves and respect,” Nato said. “[The course] gave me hope that we can bridge divides. It gave me hope and tools to continue the good work.”

Science & Technology

What happened before the Big Bang?

McGill Physics Professor Robert Brandenberger spoke at the Cutting Edge lecture series on Jan. 12 hosted by the Redpath Museum.

In the lecture, Brandenberger shed light on the question, “What was before the Big Bang and how might we be able to tell?”

“Who thinks that there was a Big Bang?” Brandenburger asked the crowd, which was almost full of raised hands. “Who knows what the Big Bang was?”

Many of the crowd’s hands were lowered in response to his second question.

“There are a number of you who think there was a Big Bang, but you don’t know what the Big Bang was. This is a slight problem,” Brandenburger said. “I want you […] to walk out of this room this evening knowing what physicists mean when they say there was a Big Bang, […] but also you should walk out from this room knowing that the title of this topic makes sense.”

According to Brandenberger, the paradigms of universe cosmology have shifted over time. The standard Big Bang cosmology, created around 1960, was eventually replaced with the current inflationary universe scenario theorized in the 1980s.

Standard Big Bang cosmology was based on Einstein’s equations for classical matter, in which he assumed that the Universe was finite, although his equations suggested that the universe was expanding.

“Einstein made a small mistake because he did not know about the expansion of space,” Brandenberger explained. “He realized that [his equations] gave rise to this idea that space expands, but he stuck in a fudge term, such that space would not expand.”

Edwin Hubble, and other famous astronomers and astrophysicists, saw that there was a need for a new theory to explain expanding space, thus, the inflationary universe scenario was created. The inflationary universe scenario accommodates for the expansion of the universe and uses scalar terms. It utilizes scalar terms to account for the fact that the laws that govern classical matter break down at extremely high temperatures.

Brandenberger explained that standard Big Bang cosmology also includes the very hot, homogeneous fireball typically associated with the Big Bang. But, because classical physics breaks down at extreme temperatures, a new cosmological theory was developed to accommodate these conditions. The inflationary model of cosmology solves this problem because quantum mechanics and particle physics offer suitable descriptions of matter at these extremely hot temperatures.

Both the standard Big Bang theory and the inflationary universe theory assume that time began with the Big Bang, but new research suggests this might not be the case. According to Brandenberger, the old and current paradigm both provide valuable information on the Big Bang, but both make predictions, which lead to more questions.

“In both Paradigms one and two there was a ‘Big Bang’ singularity,” Brandenberger said.

A Big Bang singularity is the concept the Big Bang was the beginning of time, but it is hard to provide proof that this event triggered the start of time.

“We need a new paradigm and this new paradigm could come from string gas cosmology,” Brandenberger said.

Brandenberger suggested that string gas cosmology could be a possible third paradigm that answers the question of what came before the Big Bang. String gas cosmology is based on superstring theory, which is a quantum theory that tries to unify all forces of nature. In other words, the laws that govern the forces of nature would be simplified into basic equations.

“If by Big Bang you mean a hot fireball of finite size at some early time, string gas cosmology has this hot fireball,” Brandenberger said. “But, […] there is no singularity, there is no beginning of time. So, in this sense, it makes sense to say there was something before the Big Bang.”

While string theory is still in development, it offers a new paradigm to answer questions on a cosmological scale. Though extremely complex, Brandenberger succeeded in his initial goal as the audience walked out of the room with the knowledge that there could be something before the Big Bang.

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