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Commentary, Opinion

Canada needs a high-speed rail system

In November, VIA Rail, the Crown corporation that controls passenger train travel in Canada, unveiled plans for a “high-frequency” train project along its Quebec City—Windsor corridor. Although the project will no doubt make travelling by train more pleasant, it is not a sufficient solution. Canada should avoid quick fixes and invest more money and resources into developing a national high-speed rail system. People living and travelling in Canada, such as McGill students, could stand to gain from convenient and accessible travel within the country.

For some, being at McGill can be a stressful and isolating experience, and many students are far from their loved ones. However, going home for a weekend to destress can be difficult due to the high cost of tickets, especially for flights, and the time it takes to travel there and back. For the 68.7 per cent of McGill students living elsewhere in  Canada, a quick train ride that is accessible and inexpensive could allow them to visit home more often. Those from outside of Canada can benefit, too; getting a change of scenery and experiencing new places can be great for one’s mental health. 

While trains from Montreal to cities like Ottawa, Toronto, and Quebec City are frequent and quite comfortable, they can also be expensive and tend to come with an abundance of delays. An economy ticket for a student may be under $50 if booked far in advance, but the prices for a last-minute ticket can rise to over $150. Delays are common, and more expensive routes, such as the 25-hour Vancouver — Edmonton train, costs hundreds of dollars, have at times experienced delays of a whole day or more. Since VIA Rail does not own the tracks it operates on, it is at the mercy of the Canadian National Railway, the freight railway that owns the rail system in Canada. Ultimately has control over scheduling, and tends to be responsible for these delays. 

 VIA has offered a potential solution to this issue. The newly announced high-frequency project proposes the construction of new dedicated tracks between Toronto and Ottawa, and between Montreal and Quebec City, which VIA claims will reduce travel times. However, there has yet to be a date set for the project’s completion. Many have long argued in favour of high-speed rail in the country for its shortened travel times and environmental benefits. Plus, the technology for such a project already exists—countries and regions including China, Russia, and all countries in the European Union have some sort of high-speed rail system in place. In Europe, most high-speed trains can travel at speeds of around 300 kilometres per hour. China’s network has a total length of 2,298 kilometres, which is promising considering Canada’s size. 

Despite these benefits, the closest Canada has come to realizing such a project was a Transport Canada study on hyperloop technology, a concept that has never been executed, and is in early stages of development. Companies like Canada’s Transpod and Virgin’s Hyperloop One claim that their pod-like system can travel at up to 1,000 kilometres per hour with minimal environmental impact, with a proposed travel time between Montreal and Toronto estimated at 39 minutes. While the concept is exciting, experts have expressed concerns regarding the system’s safety, citing its high pressure levels, which mean that a small defect could cause an explosion. Coupled with the fact that the technology is in its early stages, Canada should still work to create a high-speed system with technology that has proven safe and cost-effective.

Canada needs to catch up and make real improvements to its interprovincial transportation networks. Establishing a high-speed rail system could have significant environmental benefits and would encourage more people to travel within the country. A quicker and more efficient way to travel could bring many McGill students closer to not only their family, but also places in Canada that are inaccessible otherwise.

 

Commentary, Opinion

The lecture hall: The space where my two cultures met

I was born in Iran, but my family and I moved to Canada when I was four-years-old. Although Farsi was my first language, English quickly became my dominant one and, even though I was surrounded by Iranian culture at home, at school I was being exposed to a completely different set of norms. While growing up with two different cultures allowed me to gain a unique perspective on many social and political issues, McGill played a pivotal role in my perception of my two conflicting identities—Canadian and Iranian—and allowed me to see them in a positive light. 

Growing up, it was impossible to ignore the glaring differences between my life and those of my friends at school. For example, we did not celebrate Thanksgiving or have huge Christmas dinners. On the other hand, when I went to Iranian language classes, it seemed that my family did not adhere to a lot of Iran’s social norms either. My dad, though still a Muslim, drank alcohol and made us ham sandwiches. The older I became, the more I needed to fit into a specific culture. I often felt too Westernized to be Iranian like my family, but too Middle Eastern to truly be Canadian. The height of my uncertainties came during the 2016 United States presidential elections, when suddenly my two identities were being pitted against each other. I thought that I had to justify that I was a Canadian, as if my citizenship was not enough, and I started feeling hyper-aware of the way that my Iranian name rolled off of Canadian tongues. I felt increasingly like I did not fit into either category. Thankfully, coming to university enabled me to start appreciating both of my cultures.

The presence of so many different cultures at McGill immediately made me feel more at ease. However, this did not happen immediately:  I was initially worried when I saw that a unit of one of my political science courses was, “Nuclear Weapons and the Case of Iran.” There were definitely moments of discomfort, such as sitting in class and hearing people disagree with the professor when he stated that ‘Iran was not a rogue state.’ Nevertheless, when I voiced my opinions in a conference, I felt welcomed for the first time in my life. Looking around the room and seeing others nod their heads, genuinely appreciating my perspective, gave me a sense of validation that I had not experienced in my education before. At McGill, I feel that my input is not discounted due to my personal connection with Iran, and if anything, I am listened to more intently.

My experience of feeling heard is only possible because of the nature of McGill as a university that embraces diversity and the respective outlooks that come with its students. Professors, TAs, and students who want topics to be approached in different ways become incredibly important. Academia is the first place where I have not felt the need to justify either of my cultural identities because, even if I am not always agreed with, I feel heard. I am learning that although it may be difficult on a personal level, and the feeling of not belonging might not disappear completely, my dual cultural identity offers a unique perspective in my education that is appreciated by my peers. 

Being surrounded by people from two or more cultures at McGill has made me proud of the uniqueness of my upbringing. Smaller things, like the fact that even though my family in Iran call every year at Christmas even though they do not celebrate, feel much more important. Details like having a Muslim dad who drinks and loves bacon do not feel quite as divisive. I am more appreciative than ever of my cultures, and I can only imagine how that appreciation will grow as my time at McGill continues. 

 

Features

Dumpster diving

Canada produced 25 million tonnes of waste in 2016, ranking as one of the highest per-capita waste generators in the world. The non-residential sector, which includes industry and institutions such as universities, produces the majority of this waste. In the past year alone, McGill’s downtown campus has generated 1,454 tonnes of landfill waste and recycling, roughly 10 times the weight of a blue whale. Industry professionals are working to reduce these numbers, and achieving sustainability requires addressing this issue head-on. Since the City of Montreal does not offer waste and recycling services to institutions like McGill, the university forms its own contracts with the companies that haul garbage, recycling, and compost to nearby facilities.

Creative

Tribune Presents: Lonely Boa

Lovely duo Lonely Boa joined us in the office for an afternoon of music self described as “classical orchestra meets loft rave meets ambient drone meditation.” Playing a selection from their upcoming album Chrysalia, Eve and Jess brought charisma and passion to our space.

Multimedia: So, where did you come up with the name ‘Lonely Boa’?

Eve: “My preferred answer is [that] I was walking alone from being out one night on a particularly dreary, emotional evening, when I came across a boa (like the pink feather kind) on the street. I thought to myself, “there’s just one lonely boa” and bam! A new band name was born. The real answer though, is “lonely boa” was a user’s alias on a shared google doc. In any case, I love the name Lonely Boa because it invokes the idea of how sometimes uniqueness or being different can make you feel lonely — something I used to struggle a lot with, and something I think people can identify with.”

M: What inspired you to start making music?

E: “I’ve been playing music since I was five years old. Both of my parents are professional classical musicians so it was a given that I would start an instrument from an early age. When I went to university, certain aspects of classical music culture, especially around performance, was something I really rejected. I was always annoyed at playing competitions and concerts as a teen and having to fit into this normative box of what to wear, how to act, and how to engage with an audience.”

M: How would you define your musical style and how has your sound changed since you started ‘Lonely Boa’?

E: “If I were to describe the musical style of Lonely Boa in terms of genre, I’d say [that] it’s like classical orchestra, meets loft rave, meets ambient drone meditation, meets 2000s emo music, meets Robyn, meets Owen Pallett. It’s all of those things, and yet none of them at the same time. I still carry a lot of the emotional weight of when I wrote those songs a few years ago, but now I like to produce music that is more vast and cathedral-like, but very intimate and powerful at the same time.”

M: What is the significance of Jess as your bandmate?

E: “Jess, oh Jess. I traded a bag of coffee beans for Jess and a pink hair crimper in 2016 off Bunz Trading Zone, and from the instant we met I knew there was something special about her. It took me years to understand that I’m drawn to Jess because she is this literal ‘floating head’ — a head without a body. For me, that feeling […] syncs up with what it can feel like to be trans, and my own experiences of dysphoria. I like the physical representation that Jess brings to Lonely Boa performances of that feeling, but in a subtle way. Plus, she’s just a really good singer — when she’s feeling up to performing at least.”

Lonely Boa is releasing an upcoming album, Chrysalia, in the new year. Catch her playing at La Vitrola on December 6 and keep track of what she’s up to on Instagram (@Lonely_Boa_Music), Facebook, Bandcamp and other streaming platforms.

Video by Aidan Martin and our Multimedia Team.

Gladys Hakizimana
Basketball, Know Your Athlete, Sports

Know Your Athlete: Gladys Hakizimana

Fifth-year Martlet basketball star guard Gladys Hakizimana has been involved with basketball from a young age. A Montreal native, Hakizimana has always enjoyed the competition and camaraderie of playing sports.

“I started playing basketball in elementary school,” Hakizimana said in an interview with The McGill Tribune. “I was a really shy person, and my mom would always register me in different activities […], and [eventually], I fell in love with basketball.” 

There was no girls’ team at Hakizimana’s elementary school, so she played with the boys. 

“That’s why I am extra competitive now,” Hakizimana said.

Basketball, and sports in general, can teach valuable life lessons. Hakizimana noted how learning teamwork, discipline, and organization from sports have helped her succeed in other facets of her life, including school.

“I know [that] with [my] hectic schedule, I have to find ways to do my school work and do weights and cardio and find time to shoot the basketball,” Hakizimana said. “I really have to be organized.”

On top of classes, homework, and personal training, Hakizimana spends her Mondays working at a gym and has team practices in the evening. On Tuesdays and Wednesdays, she has team practices from 6:00 to 8:30 a.m. With such a busy schedule, it is difficult for Hakizimana to have a traditional social life. However, she still manages to build strong relationships with her teammates. 

“If I’m not doing homework, I’m working, so there’s not really a social aspect to my life right now. But, [I have] no regrets, I love it,” Hakizimana said. “Being a part of this team, obviously I love the girls [….] They’re like my social life.” 

Hakizimana is an incredibly hard worker, and this has translated to many accomplishments on the court. Hakizimana cites the Martlet’s National Championship win in 2017, the first women’s basketball national title in McGill history, as her greatest accomplishment.

“The fact that we [had] one victory and four losses in the first semester, and we ended up winning the Provincial [Championship] and then winning [the] national [title], […] was just […] a miracle,” Hakizimana said. “I can’t forget. I have the ring at home, and the goal is to get another one.”

Outside of playing basketball, Hakizimana likes to read, listen to music, meditate, and do yoga. Yoga and meditation help her body recuperate after training and also keep her calm and positive. As far as books go, she enjoys the drama genre. Her favourite book to date is Black and White by Paul Volponi. 

“Even when I watch movies or Netflix, I will go to a drama category,” Hakizimana said. “I like scary movies too and scary books [….] I just like the suspense.” 

After McGill, Hakizimana does not know if she will continue playing basketball. 

“That was my dream as a kid, but I got a few bruises and injuries along the way,” she said. “But I’m going to think about it [and decide] soon.” 

Whether or not she continues to play basketball, Hakizimana plans to pursue a career in social work. 

“I want to help youth,” Hakizimana said. “I want to work with kids and young adults to be there for whatever they need me to be there for. Just help them go down the right path. I love helping, and I like listening, so that’s the main reason I went into social work.” 

Although her final season has had a rough start with, three losses so far, Hakizimana remains hopeful that results will improve over the rest of the season. 

“As a team we’re going [one] game at a time, so no pressure,” Hakizimana said. “But, we’re definitely trying to win Provincials and head to Nationals and hopefully go for the gold.”

Soccer, Sports

USWNT star Megan Rapinoe is fighting the good fight

US Women’s National Soccer Team (USWNT) star forward Megan Rapinoe accepted Glamour’s Woman of the Year award on Nov. 11. The two-time World Cup champion has a hefty collection of awards for accomplishments on the field, but her activism off it is what makes her a true champion. 

In September 2016, Rapinoe took a knee during the US national anthem before a National Women’s Soccer League (NWSL) game, becoming one of just a few white American athletes to show solidarity with Colin Kaepenernick’s protest against police brutality and racism in the United States. She has also long been a part of the USWNT’s fight for equal pay: In March 2016, Rapinoe was among five USWNT members to file a complaint to the Equal Employment Opportunities commission, and in March 2019, she and 27 of her teammates filed a lawsuit against the US Soccer Federation, citing institutionalized gender discrimination. Additionally, Rapinoe continues to use her platform to speak out against homophobia and transphobia in both sports and society, working with groups like the Gay, Lesbian, & Straight Education Network (GLSEN) and Athlete Ally. 

Many female athletes are thrust into an activist role because of the systemic sexism prevalent in sports, while their male counterparts have the privilege of being able to focus solely on their athletic careers. Rapinoe, however, recognizes that she cannot just advocate for gender or queer issues, with which she has personal experience. Oppression is intersectional, and while she may experience many barriers, she also benefits from certain privileges. 

In her acceptance speech at the 2019 Woman of the Year awards ceremony, Rapinoe was humble and emotional. She thanked Glamour and recognized the diversity of women receiving this year’s award. Early on, she acknowledged Kaepernick’s role in her rise to fame through her activism, noting that she would not be the activist she is today without him.  

“While I’m enjoying all of this unprecedented, and, frankly, a little bit uncomfortable, attention and personal success […], Colin Kaepernick is still effectively banned from the NFL for kneeling during the national anthem in protest of known and systematic police brutality against people of colour, known and systematic racial injustice, and known and systematic white supremacy,” Rapinoe said. “[…] It would be a slap in the face to Colin, and to so many other faces, not to acknowledge, and for me personally, [not] to work relentlessly to dismantle that system that benefits some [to] the detriment of others and, frankly, is quite literally tearing us apart in this country.”

Rapinoe consistently recognizes her privilege and uses her platform to give power to marginalized voices. She could have spent the bulk of her speech addressing her lawsuit and the issues female soccer players face; she could have spoken about queer issues and promoted her own activist work; she could have brought up Donald Trump’s Twitter attack against her during the World Cup and criticized the very real and dangerous consequences of his words and actions. These are all important issues, and they are issues that affect her personally. However, Rapinoe used her acceptance speech to share her platform.

“I’m not going to act like it wasn’t Colin Kaepernick, Tarana Burke and the #MeToo movement, Patrisse Cullors, Alicia Garza, and Opal Tometi of Black Lives Matter, the women of Time’s Up, Harvey Milk, Gloria Steinem, Audre ‪Lorde, Trayvon Martin, Sandra Bland, and the injustices that so many others face that have put me in this very position,” Rapinoe said. “And I’m not going to act like my whiteness has nothing to do with me standing before you now.”

White athletesand white peoplewould do well to follow Rapinoe’s lead by sharing their platforms to provide room for the voices of marginalized individuals. 

“We’ve got to switch the game up,” Rapinoe said. “Caring is cool. Lending your platform to others is cool. Sharing your knowledge and your success and your influence and your power is cool. Giving all the fucks is cool. Doing more is cool.”

Science & Technology

Rat Park and the War on Drugs

This year, VICE Studios released Rat Park, a documentary that dives into the socio-psychological causes of drug addiction. By looking at drug epidemics in three countries—Portugal, the United States, and the Philippines—the documentary focussed on how class, wealth, social status, life struggles, and politics play into the ongoing war on drugs

The title comes from an experiment performed by Canadian psychologist Bruce K. Alexander in 1978. He found that by keeping lab rats in isolation and giving them the choice between morphine and water drips, almost all chose the morphine, and many died. However, when the rats were placed in a sort of ‘rat haven’—a ‘rat park,’ as he called it—with open space, activities, and other rats, almost all of them preferred water to morphine. Thus, he concluded that there are numerous factors that cause someone to use hard drugs, and that addiction is not as simple as the drug itself. 

The documentary first peered into the life of Justin Kunzelman, a former drug user in Florida who has started a harm reduction not-for-profit organization called Rebel Recovery. Florida has had an ongoing opioid epidemic for nearly three decades. Before the so-called ‘pain clinics’ were recently shut down, opiates were easily accessible in the state. Now, many who have since become addicted to them have turned to the cheaper alternative: Heroin. With the government’s unsympathetic view of addicts who cannot simply stop using, it is up to organizations like Rebel Recovery to help them through their addiction in the safest environment possible. 

Next, the film covered Vincent Go, a photojournalist in Manila who is actively investigating the killings of drug-users that are being carried out by the controversial president of the Philippines, Rodrigo Duterte. Since his declaration of the war on drugs, over 20,000 people have been killed due to suspicion of drug usage. 

Countries like Portugal, on the other hand, have taken things in the opposite direction. In 2001, Portugal decriminalized possession of all drugs, and according to the documentary, overdose deaths have decreased by 80 per cent since the law went into effect. Tiago Praca, a visual artist from Lisbon who had previously been used heroin and crack cocaine for over 20 years, explained why criminalizing and demonizing drug usage is ineffective in the film. 

“There will always be drugs,” Praca said. “So, if you want to solve […] the problem, you just have to change the attitude.”

Thomas Brown, an assistant professor of psychiatry at McGill, explained that Portugal’s success may cause other countries to follow suit. 

“The data from Portugal are promising, but decriminalization must be accompanied by a concerted, systematic, and an adequately supported bouquet of first, second, and third line preventative mental health strategies,” Brown wrote in an email to The McGill Tribune.

Norman White, a professor in the McGill Department of Psychology, agreed with Brown that decriminalization cannot be the sole solution. 

“It’s pretty clear that the current policy of trying to prohibit all aspects of drug commerce and use is a total failure,” White wrote. “Some kind of harm reduction approach is clearly indicated.” 

Brown supports the idea that drug addiction is a complex concept. 

“Contribution to addiction is multifaceted: Environmental factors including drug accessibility, poverty, early life stress and trauma, [and] social genetics [are all factors],” Brown wrote.

Indeed, Rat Park showcases that putting people—and rats—in an environment where they can thrive socially and experience a high quality of life drastically diminishes their propensity to turn to drugs.

Science & Technology

Science capsule: The first hot air balloon flight

Nov. 21, 2019 marked the 236th anniversary of the first untethered, manned hot air balloon flight. The flight was the result of the work of Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier, brothers from the small town of Vandalon, France. Their father’s lucrative paper company enabled them to fund their scientific endeavours and also provided them with lots of testing materials. The brothers discovered that filling a lightweight paper fabric bag with hot air caused the bag to float, since the heated air becomes lighter than its surrounding air, and the balloon rises. 

For hot air balloons to carry a 1,000-pound object, 65,000 cubic feet of air must be heated, a number equivalent to the weight of 2,560 hot tubs. The brothers, however, were not aware of this, and initially believed that they had found a new gas lighter than air.

Although the Montgolfier brothers’ 1783 hot air balloon flight was one of the first times that humans took to the skies, humanity’s itch to fly was present much earlier. After the invention of the kite in 400 BC China, people unsuccessfully tried to fly like birds by strapping wings to their arms.

The hot air balloon did, however, inspire further exploration into the world of flying. In 1799, George Cayley created a glider for humans to drift above the ground. Later, in 1891, Otto Lilienthal created a more complicated glider that could fly longer distances. With the help of the engine, Orville Wright piloted the ‘Flyer’ plane into the air in North Carolina in 1903. 

All of these flying machines used a mechanism to lift themselves off of the ground. Lift, weight, thrust, and drag are four forces that determine how high and fast a machine will take off into the air. While hot air balloons rise due to a temperature difference between the air in the balloon and that of the surrounding air, a plane is able to take off due to the shape of its wings. Since an airplane’s wings have a curved top shape with a flat bottom, the air is able to glide over the top of the wing faster than the air on the bottom, enabling it to take to the air.

The Montgolfier brothers first displayed their hot air balloon discovery on June 4, 1783 in Annonay, France, when they burned straw and wool to send an unmanned balloon 3,000 feet into the sky. In their second test, they sent a sheep, a rooster, and a duck into the air. At the time, a sheep’s physiology was considered similar to that of a human’s, making it a good non-human test subject. The duck and the rooster were the controls in the experiment, since they were used to flying, although the rooster to a much lesser degree. 

After these animals successfully completed their hot air balloon mission unharmed, the first human passengers took flight, achieving what had previously been considered an impossible task in front of an excited crowd.

“We observed [the balloon] lift off in the most majestic manner,” spectator Benjamin Franklin wrote in his journal. “When it reached around 250 feet [76 metres] in altitude, the intrepid voyagers lowered their hats to salute the spectators. We could not help feeling a certain mixture of awe and admiration.”

The sentiments that Benjamin Franklin expressed when viewing the majestic hot air balloon still hold true for people today. Every August in Montreal, the International Balloon Festival attracts people from all over the world to witness untethered, manned balloons jet off into the sky. The Montgolfier brothers would not be disappointed with the evolution of flight that their invention initiated and the joy that it has brought to generations.  

Arts & Entertainment, Music

‘Back to the House Concert’ is a rousing success

Cramming 100 people inside an apartment kitchen is not easy. It also is not easy to play live rock music on a residential street without getting a noise complaint or two. But the “Back to the House Concert,” which raised funds for the charity Jam for Justice, managed to accomplish both.

The retro-themed house concert featured four artists playing back-to-back:  Enter the Mojo, Parker Konz, Societal Siege, and Alyssa Nazmi. Each act brought something unique to the show, but there was a clear through line: Fun. From the groovy keys and funky guitar riffs of Enter the Mojo to the punk-infused rock of Societal Siege, it was clear that everyone showed up to have a good time.

The night began with the timid ambiance of most house parties, which really get going about an hour or two after the posted start time. With the crowd slowly filtering in, Enter the Mojo probably got a better chance than anyone to show off their sound without crowd-noise. Playing covers of both Childish Gambino’s “Me and Your Mama” and “Redbone,” Enter the Mojo got everyone in the mood to dance, playing with technical skill that most amateur bands would envy.

But as the night went on, it became difficult to make out the specifics of what was happening on stage. From the start of Parker Konz’s set until late in the show, the crowd was so thick that the only way to see the performers was to climb onto the counter or to push to the front of the room. The fact that so many did is a testament to the atmosphere of the show. Instead of being a detriment, the chaos simply added to the setting’s intimate vibe. The concert increasingly became a rowdy and electric experience as the night went on. Parker Konz’s cover of Arcade Fire’s “The Suburbs” seemed a fitting late-decade tribute to one of the most successful indie acts from Montreal, and the crowd’s response proved that it still remains one of Generation Z’s most powerful anthems.

Despite how great each band was, the show really peaked with Societal Siege’s pulsing rock-and-roll set. What had been a present but simmering mosh pit throughout the night exploded into a frenetic boil. The original tunes that Societal Siege played were instantly catchy without being predictable, and they allowed everyone to get in on the energy. Multiple attendees launched themselves onto the crowd for a quick surf, and somehow the front rows stayed far enough away from the band to not interfere with their performance.

A DJ set by Alyssa capped off the night of music, which ended up lasting from 9:30 to well past midnight without feeling too long or stretched out. There were rooms in which to hang out and take a breather away from the music, with samosas and free drink samples for all. These spaces provided a nice touch to an already fantastic event, allowing concertgoers to take comfortable breaks over the course of the long night.

Four great acts entered one house and the crowd did the rest. The result was one of the best student-run indie concerts of the year.

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