Latest News

a, Opinion

Whine and cheese

There is no denying that access to professors is the foundation of a successful university experience: They offer advice, answer questions, and provide students with the resources they need to reach their goals, such as letters of reference and research opportunities. For the average undergraduate, however, there are only so many ways to get to know a professor. Going to class is an oft-overlooked but effective method, as is attending office hours. Though professors are, with few exceptions, genuinely interested in their students, class sizes are often too large and office hours too few. It is not always easy to get an instructor to remember your name, let alone develop a fruitful connection with them. The departmental student organisations’ preferred modus operandi when it comes to tackling this issue is, of course, the ‘wine and cheese.’

The Computer Science Undergraduate Society (CSUS) recently hosted a wine and cheese,attended by both students and professors in the department. The frequency with which these types of events occur—one could easily get tipsy with the faculty of a department every week—reflects the necessity for McGill students to take the initiative when it comes to establishing fruitful contact with professors: Facilitation is beneficial only so long as students are willing to take the first step.

There is much to be said in their favour. Apart from the free wine and delicious cheese—both of which are highly effective social lubricants—they offer students the chance to have a real conversation with their professors, who, it must be said, enjoy talking about their research as much as, if not more than, the research process itself. Moreover, such events have the advantage of being held in more informal settings, away from the academic focus of class and office hours. This has a certain humanising effect on otherwise intimidating figures, and it obviates the (perceived) need for pre-prepared discussion points that constitutes many a student’s excuse for not attending office hours.

Yet informality is not always a positive thing. A recent gathering hosted by the Chemistry Undergraduate Students’ Society (CUSS) and advertised via Facebook featured a warning to students, telling them not to get too drunk. The potential for rowdiness poses a risk to newly developed and fragile student-professor relationships, especially for those who might not be used to drinking. The prospect of attending class after imbibing a bit too much in a professor’s presence is not only unappealing—it is downright terrifying.

Moreover, as these events are student-organised and hosted, the department’s star scholars are under no obligation to attend. This can result in get-togethers that are more reminiscent of awkward family functions than networking events. Even when such a scenario is avoided, the competition for a professor’s attention is fierce, highlighting the wider issue of the increasing student-to-professor ratio at McGill.

The departmental student societies’ insistence on wine and cheese socials derives from an undeniable need to create opportunities for students to meet their department’s faculty. An undergraduate at McGill is one among many. Students must therefore fend for themselves and make full use of the resources at their disposal. This of course means attending wine and cheese events, but it also entails making the effort to knock on a professor’s door.

a, Hockey, Martlets, Sports

Hockey: Martlets eke past Gee Gees in shootout, clinch home ice advantage

The RSEQ second-place ranked McGill Martlets (12-5-2) edged out the third place Ottawa GeeGees (10-6-2) in an exciting shootout win on Sunday afternoon at McConnell Arena. Entering the game, the Martlet’s playoff matchup against Ottawa was already set, the only question was of who would host the series. With Sunday’s win, McGill clinched second place and home-ice advantage.

The Martlets had a rocky start to the game. Rookie forward Nicole Howlett took an early double minor penalty for a check to the head and, though the Martlets successfully killed it off, they spent much of the first period playing in their own zone. Ottawa’s strong forecheck meant that the hosts had trouble executing passes in the defensive zone and breaking the puck out.

Marimee Godbout-Parent scored the Gee Gees’ only goal of the game midway through the first period after tired Martlet players were stuck on the rink after an icing call.

The Martlets started out the second period in a hole. Already down one goal, they had to kill off a 5-on-3 for 92 seconds just two minutes into the period against the best power play in CIS hockey. The penalty kill was up to the challenge, though. The penalty killers were effective at limiting chances all afternoon and goaltender Taylor Hough stopped the few chances Ottawa did get.

McGill turned things around after that challenge and dominated much of the play for the rest of the game, outshooting Ottawa, 43-25.

“I didn't think we were great in the first period,” Head Coach Peter Smith said. “I thought we had a terrific second period. Give Ottawa a little credit, they pushed back hard in the third and I thought, overall, for 40 minutes, I liked our game.”

After killing off the early 5-on-3, the Martlets’ offence took over. They were great at breaking out of their zone and transitioning the puck up quickly through the neutral zone. Their forecheckers were quick on the puck, making it difficult for the Ottawa defence to clear the zone.

McGill’s first powerplay unit generated multiple scoring chances in the second period but couldn’t even the score until senior forward Gabrielle Davidson tied the game up for the Martlets at 12:54 in the period.

The Martlets had a bevy of great scoring chances after Davidson’s goal but failed to pull ahead due to the stellar play of  Ottawa’s goaltender, Sarah-Maude Labrecque. She stood on her head for 65 minutes and was able to send the game to a shootout. Labrecque had some help from the post, too. Davidson nearly put the puck in on the 4-on-3 advantage in overtime but hit the crossbar.

The goalies were the story in the shootout, too. Tied 1-1 after three shooters, the contest ended up going seven rounds before the game could be decided. senior centre Melodie Daoust, who looked dangerous the entire game, shot twice and scored both times. She was the only McGill shooter to score.

McGill plays Concordia on Feb. 19 in McConnell Arena for their final game of the regular season.

Quotable

“I thought [our penalty kill (PK) ] was real good, I thought we were real well prepared for it. We've struggled a little bit–pucks have been going in on us on the PK and I thought we did a real good job today. We spent quite a bit of time preparing for it.” —Smith on the penalty kill, which did not allow a goal.

Play of the game

Davidson scored McGill’s only goal of the game on a 3-on-1 rush midway through the second period. The play featured some great passing between Davidson and Daoust before it ended up in the back of the net.

Stat corner

3-2, McGill’s record against Ottawa this season, is  important because McGill and Ottawa could end up tied in the standings at the end of the regular season. Winning the season series means winning the tiebreaker and clinching home ice advantage.

#Oscarssowhite
a, Arts & Entertainment, Cult Mentality, Film and TV, Podcasts

Cult Mentality EP. 1: Tackling the #oscarssowhite debate

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This week’s Cult Mentality podcast centres on the #oscarssowhite debate. The debate arose in response to the Academy Awards’ snub of actors and filmmakers of colour year after year. The hashtag aims to highlight the inequity of Oscar nominations, as well as promote viewers to boycott this year’s Academy Awards along with prominent black celebrities, like Jada Pinkett-Smith and Spike Lee.

The work of people of colour has been largely ignored and under-appreciated in Hollywood and that is due to an ongoing systemic racism in the film industry. But this conversation is concerned specifically with the actual act of boycotting. Is boycotting the Oscars, as a viewer, a productive way to make a change in the industry? Or does it totally miss the problem at the heart of all this?

Arts and Entertainment contributors Tanveer Ahmed and Selin Altuntur, sat down with editor April Barrett to discuss both sides of the debate.

a, Martlets, Sports

Volleyball: McGill outplays pesky UQAM on Senior Night

The McGill Martlet (15-7) volleyball program has never won an RSEQ championship. This year’s team is determined to make history and took a step further to reaching that goal on Senior Night, beating the last-placed UQAM Citadins (5-16) in three sets to one (25-17,  24-26, 25-21, 25-17).

The Citadins, who just completed their first season in program history, were resilient in all four sets—they clawed their way back from a deficit in the second period before winning 26-24 and were within striking distance of the Martlets; however, with the win McGill secured home court advantage in the RSEQ playoffs where they will face off against the Sherbrooke Vert et Or (15-7), with whom they are currently tied for second place in the RSEQ standings. Martlet Head Coach Rachele Beliveau highlighted her team’s character and execution as the keys to success in the victory.

“I think […] we played a pretty good game,” Beliveau said. “The execution [was good], except at the end of the second set where we made some mistakes that I think we shouldn’t really be doing [….] The good thing is we were able to come back and then we came back in the third set from 11-17 to […] win the set. It shows character [….] We have done it a few times this year and we were able to come back and equalize the game and get the win.”

The two teams were fairly even through the first set until senior power hitter Catherine Amyot captured momentum with four straight aces. She also had five kills in the first set, showcasing an array of moves to put points on the board. Amyot was sensational, finished with 22 kills on the night, a game-high.

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Senior setter Dawoodjee, who was honoured after the game for a decorated five-year career, spread the ball effectively to her teammates throughout the game and exhibited poise throughout. Sophomore power hitter Emilie Matte de Grasse also had a standout performance on the night, notching 12 kills. Moving forward, the Martlets will continue to rely on both Dawoodjee and Matte de Grasse as well as the steady presence of middle hitter Myriam Robitaille, who finished with 11 kills and three blocks.

Although the Martlets have never won the RSEQ championship, they won a bronze medal in 2012 at the CIS National Championships. They’ll be looking to return to the national level starting next Friday, Feb. 19 in their semifinal against the Vert et Or. The two teams will face off in a best-of-three game series. It will be a challenge for the Martlets to make history but Beliveau is confident that her squad is up for the task.

“If we win the semifinals this week, we will go to Nationals,” Beliveau said. “Our goal is really focusing this week on playing Sherbrooke. If we attack well and can have a good variation in the offence we should be able to get through.”

Moment of the game

Dawoodjee found Amyot who promptly spiked a dagger straight into the ground, icing the game for match point.

Stat corner

The Martlets were active on their feet, tallying 75 digs, 49 more than the Citadins.

Quotable

“[Dawoodjee] improved a lot [over her McGill career]. In the first season she was only 18 years old […] and coming into our league […] everybody is two years older from the beginning and when you come at only 18 years old in it’s a big game. She has good physical qualities, and we started to work and work and work. When she stepped on the court three years ago, from that moment [on] she only improved from one year to the other.  We did some individual [work], she prepared well in the summer,  […] so it was just give her ball so she can learn. And she has improved every single year.” – Beliveau on Dawoodjee’s career.

a, Football, Sports

Blast from the Past: The evolution of football

Every sport has a rubicon to cross, a dividing line between infancy and legitimacy. A concoction of traditions, house rules, and conventions huddle together and break apart across time, forming and reforming to become an entity that doesn’t look anything like its predecessors, but has elements of all of them. For football, that moment came on a crisp November day in New Haven, Connecticut, 140 years before Super Bowl 50

Though it is now the most widely-followed American sport, football was invented in Canada. First known as “mob football” where peasants would try to transport a ball from one location to another by any means necessary short of murder. The teams’ sizes were elastic, there were no designated playing fields to speak of, nor any written rules for that matter. Settlement in the United States gradually brought the game from the streets of England to America’s elite universities where schools like Princeton, Yale, and Harvard would play semi-organized matches that resembled modern soccer more than anything. Generally, two teams of 25 players on a field would try to kick a ball (they couldn’t touch the ball, but they were encouraged to physically attack their opponents any way they could) into the other team’s goal. These games became so violent that football was banned at the collegiate level for a few years. 

Meanwhile, the game became popular at McGill University in the form of rugby, different from American football in that the ball was oblong instead of round, and players could carry it instead of just kick it. Players could also score ‘tries’ by moving the ball past the other team’s end of the field, a way of scoring that evolved into what we now know as a touchdown. The American and Canadian worlds eventually collided in a May, 1875 two-game series between McGill and Harvard, where one game was played with Harvard’s rules and the other one with McGill’s. 

Harvard liked McGill’s rules so much that they advocated for their use in the November, 1875 game against Yale. Yale countered with its own set of rules and—in perhaps the most important compromise in sports history—the universities sat down and negotiated for a combination of the two playing styles (though mostly favouring McGill’s rugby style), creating football’s first set of codified rules. In their game—now played annually and known simply as “The Game” for its importance—Harvard’s experience led them to a 4-0 shutout. In attendance that day was a dissatisfied Yale student named Walter Camp, better known now as the “father of modern football.” 

A member of the Skull and Bones Society and triple-varsity athlete, Camp was responsible for smoothing the rough edges that the Harvard-Yale compromise had created in the gameplay. He attended university conventions where football’s rules were debated and expanded—this included regulations such as introducing the line of scrimmage and the system of downs to keep the game moving quickly, cutting down team sizes to 11 on each side, and changed the scoring so touchdowns yielded more points than field goals. Camp had shaped what was an awkward combination of soccer and rugby into something workable. In the years after his changes were made, college football exploded in popularity, radiating outward from the Eastern seaboard. 

Enter Glenn Scobey “Pop” Warner, essentially football’s first beta tester. A coach known for doing anything to win, Warner exploited the same loophole that would one day let golden retrievers play professional basketball: There was no rule specifically forbidding it, so it was allowed. Warner used every diversionary trick in the book, sewing football-shaped patches onto players’ jerseys to confuse the opposition and adding pockets to the insides of jerseys so his players could run the ball with no danger of getting it knocked away. Warner, along with other prominent coaches of the time were integral to the evolution of the game; if somebody is trying to exploit the game in any way they can, then the rules are going to change to prevent them from doing that, and thus the game becomes more legitimate.

Nearly half a century after Camp walked out of the Yale-Harvard match, the NFL was formed, further shaping the game into what its known as today. It’s impossible for Camp to have seen the future coming from his vantage point, but he must have been cognizant of the violent, unorganized mayhem of the game’s origin stretching back farther than he could comprehend. The compromise showed him that there was a way forward from all that–a way that wasn’t necessarily perfect or safe, but forward for the sport of football.

a, Opinion

Donald Trump, make McGill great again

There is a huge problem at this university: McGill doesn’t win anymore. However, the expiration of Principal Suzanne Fortier’s term in June 2018 provides an important opportunity to reverse McGill’s decline. In 2018, the McGill Board of Governors should appoint Donald J. Trump to the position of principal and vice-chancellor of McGill University, provided Mr. Trump is not at that time serving as president of the United States. Through his impressive campaign to secure the Republican nomination for president of the United States, Trump has displayed the vision, qualities, and leadership skills necessary to run McGill, and is uniquely qualified to make McGill great again.

On the campaign trail, Trump has won the respect of many American voters with his tough stance on illegal immigration, including his proposal to build a wall along the Mexican border. This is exactly the kind of attitude that is needed at McGill. In recent years, McGill’s campus has been devastated by the flow of illegal samosas pouring across its borders. These foreign snacks are causing tremendous problems on campus. With their cheap prices, samosas are taking the job of feeding McGill students from hardworking local foods like poutine, timbits, Subway, and Première Moisson. These foreign indulgences need to be deported immediately.

To keep all samosas out, Principal Trump should promise to build a wall around McGill’s campus, and make Concordia pay for it.

In order to make Trump feel at home on campus, the university must be prepared to rename a building in Trump’s honour, and have his name written on it in “yuge” golden letters.

Trump has also garnered much attention for his obsession with polls and his determination to always be a winner—an attitude that is sorely needed at McGill. In the 2015-2016 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, McGill was the third-ranked Canadian university, finishing behind first place University of Toronto, and University of British Columbia. Clearly, our leaders don’t know what they’re doing. U of T is laughing at us. Much as he promises the American people he will deal with China, Mr. Trump should, if appointed Principal, send “smart people” as negotiators to U of T, and get McGill a “better deal.” With such dismal rankings, Principal Trump would not rest until McGill reclaimed its spot as the number one university in Canada, and would surely promise McGill students “so much winning you may get bored of winning.”

However, persuading Trump to accept the position of Principal at McGill will require some small sacrifices from the McGill community. In order to make Trump feel at home on campus, the university must be prepared to rename a building in Trump’s honour, and have his name written on it in “yuge” golden letters. The McConnell Engineering Building would be an ideal choice: McGill already has a McConnell Arena and a McConnell Residence—the Trump Engineering Building would help avoid further confusion. Mr. Trump would likely also wish to modify McGill’s curriculum to better suit his business views; students and faculty must be prepared for new courses such as ECON 3000: The Art of the Deal, or ACCT 4500: Small Loans of a Million Dollars.

As he will no longer be campaigning against Jeb Bush, Trump will also need a new target for his bullying. I suggest Buzz, the Concordia Stingers mascot, since the McGill community would be more accepting of Trump’s mean tweets if they were directed at a representative of a rival school. Plus, if the online feud ever escalated into a real-world fight, many McGill students would surely find the image of Donald Trump wrestling a man in a giant bumblebee costume quite amusing.

Despite these minor adjustments, Donald J. Trump is still the best qualified candidate to assume the position of McGill principal in 2018. By cracking down on illegal snack immigration, and resolving to restore McGill’s ranking as the number one university in Canada, Trump has the potential to turn this university into a winner. In 2018, the Board of Governors must chose the principal that will make McGill great again!

David Watson is a second year political science student and (very) minor league hockey player. He enjoys music, dogs, and eating entire boxes of Kraft Dinner in a single sitting.

a, Features

The history of eugenics in Quebec and at McGill

McGill University is known for its cutting-edge scientific research. Many may not know, however, that during the early 20th century, McGill was a communication hub between eugenicists in Britain and Canada.
Eugenics has its roots in England—the term was first coined by British scholar Francis Galton in 1883. Galton took eugenics to be “the science of improving stock—not only by judicious mating, but whatever tends to give the more suitable races or strains of blood a better chance of prevailing over the less suitable than they otherwise would have.”
Caption: Francis Galton.
Eugenics aimed for an enhanced human population by encouraging the reproduction and marriage of those with high moral character and physical attributes, who were considered ‘fit’ (positive eugenics), and halting reproduction of the ‘unfit’ (negative eugenics). This evolved in a time of rapid increase in birth rates among the lower class, which incited fear in middle to upper classes that the human race was facing national degeneration.
Eugenics grew out of two realities: The desire to avoid the degradation of the human race in the wake of racialized fears about illness and poverty, and an era of faith in scientific positivism and empiricism. It became a scientific way to assure the prosperity of the human race in the face of urban social ills like disease, alcoholism, and divorce.
Within a Quebec context, eugenics theories were largely disseminated among the anglophone community in Montreal—particularly within McGill’s academic circles. McGill was the most prominent university in Canada at the turn of the 20th century, and attracted professionals from England to research and teach at the school.
Sebastian Normandin is a professor of history and the philosophy of science at Ashoka University who has studied the eugenics movement within Quebec. According to Normandin, McGill was the centre for dissemination of eugenic ideas and theories between Britain and France at the turn of the 20th century.
“The idea [of eugenics] was brewing in the community of Fabian socialists, and also in a lot of the progressive movements in the [United States],” Normandin said. “The only place where you saw that going on [in Canada] on any scale was at McGill.”
Dr. Alexander Peter Reid is regarded as the first person to have brought forward the ideas of eugenics within a Canadian context. Reid, an English scholar, received his early education in London, yet moved to McGill—then known as McGill College—where he received his M.D. in 1858.
Reid introduced the concept of eugenics in 1890 in a talk before the N

a, Student Life

Five alternative nap spots on campus

When the Students’ Society of McGill University (SSMU) closed the doors to the lounge in the Shatner University Centre, they took away more than a faculty-free place to study—they took away the prime napping location on campus. While students involved in clubs with offices can sneak in a mid-day snooze on their private couch spaces, the rest of the student body is now even more hard-pressed to find a spot to get in the extra z’s needed to fulfill the doctor-recommended seven to nine hours of sleep. During the summer it was easy to curl up on Lower Field and double dose on sleep and vitamin D, but given the extreme weather warnings, other options are needed for sleep-deprived students. Read on for five alternative places to grab a quick nap on campus.

1. Arts Lounge

The Arts Lounge, located in the basement of Leacock, is a well-known spot for studying during the week and, more importantly, for Bar des Arts (BDA) on Thursday evenings. It’s a perfect place to hang out, work, and nap because it’s generally quiet and provides relatively clean couches. The highlight of this nap space is that it’s not usually crammed with students, so you should be able to find a free couch on which to curl up. The con, of course, is that you need to be an Arts student to get into the lounge, but students from other faculties can always knock on the door and hope someone lets them in.

2. First floor of Birks

A little-known treasure to those outside the department of religious studies, the first floor of the Birks Building features a study area equipped with 8 couches and two comfy chairs. Because students are required to remove their footwear during the winter so as not to damage the marble floors of the building, you’re automatically assured the freedom of a shoe-free nap experience. During peak hours however, the couches fill up fast, and some students won’t take very kindly to you taking up a couch that could fit three people, so make sure you plan out your nap schedule accordingly.

3. Third floor of Morrice Hall

Despite being one of the most beautiful buildings on campus, Morrice Hall is an often-overlooked treasure-trove on campus. Aside from being home to Tuesday Night Café Theatre and the Islamic Studies Library, which is arguably the quietest and most visually appealing library on campus, it also features a prime nap space on the third floor. Space is limited, and the room can get overly warm during the winter, but because of the relative anonymity of this area you’re almost always assured a spot to snooze. 

4. McLennan HSSL – RM-07D

For those who don’t know, HSSL – RM-07D is the official name for the room in McLennan filled with bean bag chairs and no actual seats or desks. As a group study spot, it’s completely ridiculous and unhelpful, but as a nap room, it’s brilliant. Like all group study areas in McLennan, the bean bag room can be booked for 30-minute intervals throughout the day. This means you can schedule in a slot for a power nap at your convenience with the complete assurance that no one will bother you until the next appointment starts. Because the room has a door, you can also trust that none of your things will get stolen while you sleep. In terms of maximum efficiency and security, it’s really the only on-campus option.

5. Lobby of New Residence Hall

Desperate times call for desperate measures, and if sleeping in the lobby of a residence isn’t desperate, it’s hard to say what is. That being said, there are immense pros that come with sneaking in some shut-eye here. Because sleeping on the incredibly comfortable couches located in the lobby isn’t something most people would have ever considered, you’re always assured a couch. Moreover, because the lobby is a low-traffic area during the day given that most people are on campus or in their rooms, you’re less likely to be disturbed by someone than you would be if you were napping on the floor of McLennan. Win-win.

 

a, Science & Technology

The decline of the Canadian dollar

On Jan. 20, the Canadian dollar (CAD) fell to a new record low: It was the weakest the CAD had been since April 2003. On that day, every Canadian dollar was worth only 68.5 American cents, part of a larger and ongoing decline experienced by the loonie. Since then it has bounced back to equal about 72 American cents.

The origins of this steady downfall can be traced back to 2011, when the Canadian dollar was stronger than its American counterpart. In his commentary in The Globe and Mail, Chris Ragan, an associate professor of economics at McGill, outlined the two main factors involved: The decrease in global commodity prices and the difference between Canadian and US interest rates set by central banks. 

Canada is a country blessed with abundant natural resources, ranging from oil and uranium to timber, fresh water, wild life, minerals, and arable land. These products, although a small fraction of the Canadian economy, represent a large portion of its exports, and this is what affects the exchange rate. Canada is one of the few developed countries along with Russia and Australia that is a net exporter of energy and natural commodities. Recent turmoil on the global economic and political scene, from slow economic growth in China to continued unnecessary overproduction of oil, has led to a decline in the price of natural commodities, the main one being oil.

When the world’s economic growth or an increase in a country’s capacity to produce goods and services slows down, the demand for natural resources goes down, dragging with it their prices.  At the peak strength of the Canadian dollar, oil was selling at over a $100 USD a barrel. Now it is hovering at around $30 USD. The low price of oil causes the Canadian dollar to depreciate: Since less money is being earned per barrel sold, less money is being put back into the Canadian economy for the same amount of oil or other natural resources that are being exported.

“[As long as Canada remains] a large net exporter of resource-based products, lower commodity prices are bad for the overall Canadian economy,” Ragan explained. “But by the same logic, lower commodity prices strengthen the US dollar because the United States is a net importer of energy.”

The difference between the interest rate set by the US Federal Reserve and the Bank of Canada is the second major factor contributing to the depreciation of the Canadian dollar. This rate is known as an ‘overnight rate,’ and is defined by the Bank of Canada as ‘the interest rate at which major financial institutions borrow and lend one-day funds among themselves,’ depending on its available funds at the end of each business day. Changes in this rate influence other interest rates such as those of bank loans and mortgages. This interest rate is the essence of monetary policy and the central bank is setting these interest rates as part of its overall policy in targeting inflation.

Variations in these rates reflect the strength of an economy. Higher rates correspond with a well-performing economy and lower rates correspond with a struggling economy. In recent years the US economy has outperformed the Canadian economy, leading to a higher interest rate set by its central bank. Financial capital has consequently flown out of Canada in the hopes of reaping higher returns in the US, resulting in the depreciation of the Canadian dollar.

Though it may seem odd that the fiscal strength of one other country has such a major effect on the value of Canadian currency, ties between the US and Canada run very deep. The US is on the other side of a $700 billion trade pipeline with Canada, making it Canada’s biggest trade partner. According to CBC, in 2009, 73 per cent of Canada’s exports went to the US, and 63 per cent of Canada’s imports were from the US. With its sheer size and important geographic location, the US economy will continue to have a major impact on the strength of the Canadian economy and currency. 

“It’s rich, it’s big, and it’s right beside us,” Ragan said.

A weak dollar is bad for Canadians importing or spending money on foreign goods and services. For example, a Canadian consumer who wants to purchase a product that costs $100 USD now will have to pay over a $140 CAD. On the other hand, an American consumer will pay less for the same Canadian goods as he or she did when the two currencies were equal. Thus a weak Canadian dollar, as it turns out, helps Canadian exporters because in the eyes of foreign buyers, the prices of Canadian goods have fallen.

It’s hard to predict how the value of the Canadian dollar will change. A good place to start, however, would be understanding the global prices of natural commodities like oil. As the prices of oil buoy, so does the loonie’s value.

a, Science & Technology

A look into the bioethics of commercialized surrogacy

On Feb. 6, the McGill Journal of Law and Health held its eighth-annual Colloquium, with this year focusing on legal and policy issues concerning assisted reproduction in Canada. The discussion was held by well-known professors, lawyers, and physicians—all meeting to debate and discuss hot topics in Canadian bioethics surrounding reproductive rights. This year’s panel was titled Assisted Reproduction: Navigating the Criminalization of Commercial Surrogacy, and focused on Canada’s decision to make it illegal for surrogates to be paid to carry someone else’s child, eliciting much debate among Canadian scholars and practitioners of bioethics.

 The discussions centred on the federal Assisted Human Reproduction Act (AHRA), which criminalizes the payment of surrogate mothers, setting penalties between $500,000 or a 10-year prison sentence if violated. Surrogates agreeing to carry another couple’s child are to do so entirely altruistically. Since its passing in 2004, the AHRA has exposed rather polar views amongst leaders in Canadian public health ethics.

One of the speakers, Canadian fertility law lawyer and Founder of Fertility Law Canada, Sara Cohen, argued that the act of commercial surrogacy should be regulated rather than criminalized. 

“[This law was created to] protect marginalized women from engaging in surrogacy because they felt they had no choice,” Cohen said. “But most women acting as surrogates are altruistic, self-sufficient, [and] independent thinkers.” 

Instead of protecting women, Cohen explained, these laws are ‘paternalistic and offensive.’ 

The AHRA also prohibits the selling of sperm and ova for reproduction—instead, donors must voluntarily make their contribution to banks, and often do so anonymously. As a result, few individuals donate sperm or gametes, often creating banks with tissues of redundant genotypes (identical DNA). Some birth-mothers therefore receive identical gametes as those received by others, unknowingly giving birth to biological half-siblings. The anonymous nature of many of the donations also makes family lineage nearly impossible to trace, leaving the child’s family health history unknown. According to Cohen, decriminalizing the selling of reproductive tissues would give patients more information, enabling them to make safer decisions.

Arguments challenging this opinion take the exact opposite stance; Professor Margaret Somerville from the McGill Faculties of Law and Medicine and founding director of the McGill Centre for Medicine, Ethics, and Law, argued that not all surrogates are able to give informed consent. 

“Most cases of surrogacy in other countries are based on exploitation of poor, vulnerable women,” Somerville said. “Surrogates are often described as altruistic in the advertisements seeking to recruit them.” 

According to Somerville, commercial surrogacy is a violation of women’s rights, opening the door to the creation of a breeder class of underprivileged women using their reproduction organs for profit.

While this argument ventures close to the arguments used by proponents against legalizing prostitution, Somerville further reasoned that ethical issues should always focus on the most vulnerable party involved—the child. Commercial surrogacy can also be dehumanizing by creating reification and commodification of a child and therefore, of human life. Somerville compared the issue to organ trafficking by using human beings as means to an end.

“The human life is precious and must never be made a commodity,” Somerville said.

The consequences of the AHRA do pose issues for intending parents unable to conceive, yet also paint an eerie image of commodifying human life. The juxtaposition of ethical views at the colloquium posed an interesting discussion, but left many uncertain of their opinion on the topics deliberated. Still, discussion among contrasting views on public health policy must continue to take place, as the field of bioethics takes on an increasingly important role in our modern biomedical society. 

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