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Student Life

Take The Trib’s Black History Month quiz

by Auxane Bussac on

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In what year did William Wright, the first person of colour to earn a medical degree in Canada, receive his degree from McGill’s Faculty of Medicine?

a) 1824
b) 1848
c) 1863
d) 1907

What is the Canadian government’s theme for this year’s Black History Month?

a) Black Liberation
b) Black Excellence
c) Black Legacy and Leadership
d) Ours To Tell 

What was the name of the first Black students’ group at McGill, founded in 1940?

a) The Black Student Network
b) The British West Indian Society
c) The African Students’ Society
d) McGill Black Community Association

When was Black History Month created?

a) 1926
b) 1891
c) 2015
d) 1900

What was the first version of Black History Month, initiated by Carter G. Woodson in the US?

a) It has always been Black History Month 
b) Negro History Week 
c) Carter G. Woodson did not create Black History Month
d) African American History Month

The son of which prominent civil rights activist attended McGill?

a) W.E.B. DuBois
b) Rosa Parks
c) Marcus Garvey
d) Bayard Rustin

Why was February chosen as Black History Month?

a) It was a random choice
b) To commemorate the birth month of two influential figures in Black American history: Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln
c) The first person of African heritage known to have come to what is now Canada arrived in February
d) Carter G. Woodson was born in February

As of the most recent Student Census Report (2023), what percentage of McGill students identified as Black?

a) 3.2 per cent
b) 4.4 per cent
c) 6.8 per cent
d) 9.2 per cent

When did the House of Commons officially recognize February as Black History Month in Canada?

a) 1976
b) 1926
c) It is still not officially recognized 
d) 1995

Answers:

b) 1848
c) Black Legacy and Leadership
b) The British West Indian Society
a) 1926
b) Negro History Week
c) Marcus Garvey
b) To commemorate the birth month of two influential figures in Black American history: Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln
b) 4.4 per cent
d) 1995

Science & Technology

Who are these guys, anyway?

by Ella Paulin on

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Have you ever taken the tunnel from Otto Maass to Burnside to MacDonald Engineering and wondered which dead, old, white men these buildings were named after? Have you picked up a bag of Redpath sugar and wondered if there was any connection with the library? Read on for a deep dive into the colonial and violent histories of some of McGill’s most prominent benefactors. 

MacDonald

William Christopher MacDonald, who gave his name to the MacDonald Engineering Building, amassed his wealth in the tobacco industry in the late 19th century. He established a tobacco factory on what is now Rue de la Commune in the 1860s, primarily employing women and adolescents. When the American Civil War broke out in 1863, he exploited the opportunity by purchasing tobacco leaf from the Southern United States, manufacturing tobacco products in Montreal, and reselling them to the Northern states, which were in the midst of a tobacco shortage due to the war. 

Redpath

You may recognize the name Redpath from the supermarket aisle, in addition to the McGill Museum and Library buildings. The Redpath family, who financed the latter McGill buildings, also started the Redpath Sugar Company—originally named the Canada Sugar Refining Company—in 1858, which imported sugar cane from the Caribbean and refined it on the banks of the Lachine Canal. Although the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 had made slavery illegal in British colonies, brutal and exploitative working conditions persisted in the sugar cane industry. Redpath Sugar continues to be a major Canadian company, with its primary refinery based in Toronto. 

Burnside

Although technically not someone’s name, Burnside is a building name that cannot be overlooked in the history of McGill as an institution. The present-day building, which houses Mathematics, Geography, and Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at the university, draws its name from Burnside Hall, James McGill’s Montreal estate. McGill, who enslaved at least five Black and Indigenous people during his lifetime, left the original bequest of  £10,000 that founded the university that now bears his name. After demands from students and vandalism, a statue that depicted McGill was taken down by the administration in 2021. The Tribune has also called for McGill to change its name in light of its founder’s involvement in colonial and racist violence.

Strathcona

The Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building and the Strathcona Music Building both derive their name from Donald Alexander Smith, a Scottish-born businessman who bore the title “First Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal.” Strathcona supplied the funding and land for the anatomy and dentistry building after a fire destroyed the old Faculty of Medicine building in 1907. His laundry list of colonial engagements includes a term as chairman of Burmah Oil Co., which discovered large oil fields in Iran and eventually spawned the famous British Petroleum (BP) company, as well as personally raising and equipping an entire regiment to fight in the Second Boer War in South Africa. 

Otto Maass

While Maass, who died in 1961, is more recent than some of the other names on this list, he made his mark as the director of two very different institutions: The Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada on the one hand, and the Directorate of Chemical Warfare and Smoke on the other.  In his role as Director of the latter organization, he was involved in Canadian biological weapons research in a variety of ways, including the distribution of grant funding for chemical weapons, and serving as a go-between for British and American scientists during World War II. During his career, he worked on multiple other weapons-related projects, including the development of chemicals used for rocket fuel.

Hockey, Sports

Golden glory for McGill stars as Canada triumphs at FISU Games

by Jenna Payette on

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From Jan. 13 to 23, Torino, Italy, hosted the 2025 Fédération Internationale du Sport Universitaire (FISU) World University Games: A once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for exceptional collegiate student-athletes to compete in a ‘mini-Olympics’ of winter sports.

Three of McGill’s own were called up to the big stage. Mathieu Gagnon, U3 Management, William Rouleau, U3 Management, and Redbirds Hockey Head Coach David Urquhart travelled overseas and secured Canada’s second consecutive Men’s Hockey FISU gold. 

“Playing for Team Canada is something that was kind of unexpected for both of us [Gagnon and Rouleau], at this point in our hockey careers,” Gagnon told The Tribune in an interview. 

“We just cherished every second of it,” Rouleau added. “It was amazing to wear that jersey. And the way we were treated too, we quickly realized how important it is to play for Team Canada.” 

Playing hockey for Canada goes beyond representing the country—it is about carrying on the legacy of a sport that is deeply woven into the nation’s identity. For Rouleau and Gagnon, wearing the national jersey was a chance to be part of a proud history, to understand the responsibility that comes with it, and to experience the passion that makes hockey such an integral part of Canada’s identity. Despite being consistent powerhouses in the hockey world, Gagnon assured that the team “definitely had to earn [their] wins.”

Coach Urquhart, one of four Assistant Coaches for FISU Team Canada, is well acquainted with the Italian hockey scene, having played for Valpellice (2011-12), Pontebba (2012-13), and Ritten-Renon (2013-14) in Italy. A proud McGill Hockey alum, Urquhart’s coaching expertise and track record of success at McGill made him a valuable addition to the team.

Set to compete in seven gruelling games over 14 days, Team Canada quickly came together, featuring top talent from across U SPORTS. Despite having to adjust to Olympic-sized ice and new teammates, the group remained composed, powering through the preliminary round while building chemistry along the way. 

“Our coaching staff did an amazing job proposing team-building exercises,” Rouleau said. “A great one forced us to share personal things that you wouldn’t necessarily share with ‘strangers’ and it made us want to win for each other.” 

“Everyone accepted to be vulnerable with each member of the team, and we gained a lot of trust from everybody,” Gagnon added.

In hockey, where split-second decisions can determine the outcome of a game, chemistry and trust are what separate good teams from great ones. 

“Personally, I’ve always been a huge advocate of combining sports and studies,” Gagnon shared. “I just think it’s a great way to learn about life, [understand how] to manage a busy schedule, and build a good work ethic.” 

Gagnon and Rouleau felt they were chosen not only for their skill, but for their integrity as individuals and students. The trust delivered results, as Team Canada came away with a commanding 10-2 win over the United States in the semi-finals and a 3-1 victory over Slovakia in the finals. 

Both Rouleau and Gagnon admitted they knew little about the FISU Games before joining U SPORTS, but now hope to see the Games’ popularity soar. As Gagnon put it, the tournament provided them with “the best hockey experience of [their] lives.”

Off the ice, the athletes had the chance to explore Torino and take part in an opening ceremony that brought many young Olympic dreams to life. While bringing home gold was the ultimate goal, the two athletes found themselves cherishing the small moments along the way. For Gagnon, the highlight of the games was walking out behind the flag and connecting with fellow athletes at the opening ceremony. Rouleau, on the other hand, treasures the simple joys of hanging out with the team, sharing stories, and playing cards—experiences that left a lasting memory.

Now back in Montreal, Rouleau and Gagnon hope to build on this momentum with McGill as they hit the ice again on Feb. 7 to face off against the University of Guelph Gryphons. With a 14–10 record this season, the gold medalists are powering McGill Men’s Hockey.

Science & Technology

How debiasing techniques could help combat discrimination

by Leanne Cherry on

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When making key decisions like who to hire for a job or who to trust in a crisis, we all like to imagine that we are rational actors, making reliable, objective decisions. However, we are known for being quite the opposite, and bias can creep into every aspect of our decision-making, even—or especially—when we aren’t aware of it.

In a recent publication in the journal Personality and Social Psychology Review, Jordan Axt, an assistant professor in McGill’s Department of Psychology, explored how debiasing techniques designed to address judgement and decision-making errors might also be effective in addressing the bias behind intergroup discrimination.  

For researchers exploring judgement and decision-making errors, bias typically refers to how irrelevant pieces of information can inappropriately influence an individual’s beliefs and behaviours. Research in this field often concentrates on debiasing techniques, with the goal of limiting the impact of this irrelevant information on decision-making.

When researching intergroup relations, however, bias takes on a different form. In this case, it refers to our tendency to prefer a certain social group, namely our own. This is often based on personal characteristics like race, gender, or age. Researchers in this area aim to reduce intergroup discrimination—the unequal treatment of individuals based on their group membership—rather than address the bias that informs discriminatory behaviour. 

Axt reviewed four broad classes of debiasing techniques that are typically applied in judgement and decision-making research, exploring their potential to address the bias behind intergroup discrimination and ultimately reduce such discriminatory behaviour. 

The first class of debiasing techniques involves changing an individual’s ability to assess the relevance of different information through practice and training, in hopes of increasing their capacity to avoid bias. However, this kind of training can be quite difficult to implement effectively. 

“There’s some reason to believe that training could be effective in intergroup discrimination, but oftentimes I find that there’s a limited transfer effect: You can do a good job training on one thing, but it doesn’t necessarily carry over well into other contexts where you might want it to,” Axt said in an interview with The Tribune.

The second class of debiasing techniques addresses an individual’s motivation to avoid bias, rather than their ability to do so. The goal of these techniques is to get the individual to put more effort into considering decisions. For example, although financial incentives have been shown to be effective in weight loss and exercise settings, they are less effective for cognitively demanding tasks like noticing and combatting one’s own biases.  

The third class of debiasing techniques gives specific interventions and ideas to help avoid common errors in judgement and decision-making tasks, and looks at how decisions are processed. Though not yet applied in intergroup discrimination literature, this class of techniques is promising in its ability to address intergroup bias and ultimately reduce discrimination. 

“The goal of a lot of intervention research is to change the way you approach the task,” Axt said. “There’s good research showing that if you have to think not first about why you’re right, but why you might be wrong, then you include a wider range of information when you’re making your decision, and you become more accurate more of the time.”

The final class of debiasing techniques changes the context in which a decision is made. This could mean adjusting how relevant information is presented, or how the decision itself is structured.

“In cases where you change the context to give people enough time to really think through these decisions, that could be one manipulation of context that gets people to be more accurate and less likely to discriminate towards others,” Axt said.

Axt’s lab tends to focus on intergroup relations, rather than debiasing techniques. He explained that, while both areas of research are concerned with bias, there is very little overlap between the fields’ respective corpora. 

“At a very global level, both [areas of research] are embracing this idea of getting people to avoid irrelevant information in their beliefs and behaviours. I’m hoping that this [review] can paint a nice small bridge between these two literatures,” Axt said.

Off the Board, Opinion

Skipping class can be a studious choice

by Mairin Burke on

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Growing up, I had near-perfect attendance. In Grade 1, my school pre-emptively excused us all due to a blizzard forecasted for the next day. But my dad and I still crunched stubbornly through the snowfall the following morning, where he deposited me with the only teacher who had managed to trek in. I spent the whole day in the Grade 6 classroom, reverently listening to the teacher read Hatchet by Gary Paulson aloud.

When I got concussed during recess in Grade 5, my dad took me to the emergency clinic, made sure I didn’t need to be hospitalized, and then dropped me back at school right in time for last period. My Senior Skip Day filled me with immense anxiety: I had dropped the family mantle by playing hooky. 

But at university, I have absolutely none of these qualms (sorry, Dad!). The agency that cutting class can give you, the productivity it can foster, and the mental hygiene it can support are truly magical. Last semester, when I was juggling six classes, ditching certain ones not only allowed me to effectively manage my academic and personal commitments; it kept me sane.

Skipping can’t just be done willy-nilly, though. It’s “strategic”: There are certain courses that you simply can and can’t be skipping while still aiming for academic achievement. Last semester’s 8:30 a.m. in Stewart Bio, recorded, with no participation grade? Perfect for a later catch-up. Conversely, any conference or small 400-level should never be missed; racking up all possible attendance points in such a class is crucial. Overall, the better you can gaslight yourself into believing it was necessary or appropriate to sleep through your Monday morning lecture or ignore your Tuesday afternoon class, the less guilt you’ll feel skipping.

All jokes aside, I’m a big fan of the strategic skip. Skipping class can immensely increase your capacity as both a student and a person. It’s important to rest and refocus your mind in the face of McGill’s rigorous academic environment. Occasionally skipping a class whose content you’re sure you can learn on your own when you’re feeling mentally overwhelmed can actually help you do your best. You won’t retain any information in class when you’re too stressed, anyway. Whether ditching to lock in at the library or to enjoy a hot dog on the Redpath Museum steps, this form of skip allows you to clear your brain and be more present moving forward. 

And now we get to my favourite part of skipping class: It reminds me of how much I actually want to be there. The greatest privilege of my life is to get to learn. To be at university, taught by incredible faculty among really bright people, is something I feel lucky for every single day. The relationships you can build with profs, TAs, and peers by going to class are often more worthwhile than even the greatest skip. At a school as large as McGill, feeling like people know you and are personally there to support your learning is a huge win—one that can’t be realized without showing up for them, too.

I am a firm believer in committing as best as you can to all you’ve signed up for, and in seizing all the opportunities you are privileged enough to have in reach. This means that skipping—while more necessary than profs and admin might believe—must be done with the greatest discretion. Which is why I really don’t do it all that much. It’s an ace in the hole for reevaluating academic priorities from time to time, but shouldn’t stand in for the fulfillment a good class provokes.
Ultimately, the chance to learn something transformative and be suspended in wonder is what inspires me to show up and stay in class. I will never forget the enthrallment six-year-old me felt getting to sit beside older kids on that snow day, all of us hanging onto every word of Hatchet. At its best, a university class inspires that very same feeling: An overwhelming gratitude for being in the exact right room, at the exact right moment, with the exact right students, out of all the places and times and people in this world. I hope you feel that too.

Arts & Entertainment, Film and TV

‘The Brutalist’ is a triumph that left me unsatisfied

by Siena Torres on

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The word “monumental” has been impossible to avoid in discussions around​ The Brutalist, the latest feature film by former actor Brady Corbet. It’s been cemented as a frontrunner in the Oscar race after winning Best Motion Picture (Drama) at the Golden Globes and picking up 10 Oscar nominations. Keeping in line with this scandal-filled Oscar season, online uproar began just a few days after the ceremony when film editor Dávid Jancsó revealed that he used artificial intelligence to assist in refining the actors’ Hungarian accents. 

And yet, none of these factors deterred my interest in the film—not even the 215-minute runtime, an impressive length that has reportedly scared off Oscar voters. In fact, the discourse surrounding The Brutalist made me eagerly await spending an entire afternoon in the movie theatre, immersing myself in its world. 

The film is centred around László Tóth (Adrien Brody), a Jewish Hungarian architect who survives the Holocaust and arrives in America to begin a new life. When a wealthy patron, Harrison Van Buren (Guy Pearce), contracts Tóth for his architectural talent, he is warily immersed into upper-class society. However, this does not come easily as he grapples with antisemitism in his new home. Unusually, there is an intermission that splits the film into two distinct parts that give the film a unique appeal. The arrival of Tóth’s wife, Erzsébet (Felicity Jones), marks the second half and a major tonal shift as the reality of the American Dream comes crashing down around him.

In a time when Netflix blockbusters can cost $200 million USD, Corbet worked with a budget of just $10 million USD. This is made more impressive upon learning it was primarily shot on VistaVision filmstock, a process made popular by Hitchcock that hasn’t been used since 1961. The fact that I could watch the movie in 70mm—the intended high-resolution film format—was all the more exciting. There is a meta element as the film deals with tension between patron and client, similar to Corbet’s difficulties getting his work made and financed. 

As much as the level of detail and care for the craft spoke to me, I did not love The Brutalist as much as I had hoped to. The second half felt emotionally distant from the first, largely due to a particularly violent plot point that left an emotional impression but felt too literal in its message. The cinematography remained stunning, especially a sequence in an Italian marble mine where long takes linger on the enormous slabs of marble that tower over the characters accessing them. 

Visually, The Brutalist is astounding. The stark and cold brutalist architecture mirrors the film’s themes of isolation and patronage. The VistaVision cinematography makes every frame feel grand through its widescreen format. Daniel Blumberg’s score is a highlight; its main theme is imposing and memorable which works with the brutalist aesthetic at its core. 

Brody holds the film steady and delivers a deeply committed and emotionally raw performance as László that is worthy of a second Academy Award. Pearce plays the eccentric Harrison Van Buren, whose complicated relationship and patronage over Tóth is fascinating to watch as it develops and gradually crumbles.

For all its aesthetic precision and committed performances, the emotional core feels somewhat lacking by the time the credits roll, and I was left unfulfilled by the epilogue. The political message is convoluted as the speaker switches out of László’s perspective to his niece who moved to Israel and is now introducing his work in a retrospective years later. In a darkly ironic move, László can no longer speak for his work, and it is now interpreted only in perspective to the trauma he has endured. 

Despite personal reservations, The Brutalist remains an audacious and admirable achievement. It’s a rare film that demands patience and rewards close attention, a testament to Corbet’s vision and the power of cinema as an art form.

Science & Technology

How non-coding RNA molecules could advance mental health treatment

by Lana Liquard on

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The human genome is more than just a blueprint of DNA and RNA—it is a complex network of molecules working together to regulate the processes that keep us alive. These hidden architects are critical for cell function and gene expression. Recent research has begun to shed light on how they might also be associated with mental health disorders. 

Dr. Gustavo Turecki, Chair of McGill’s Department of Psychiatry and Director of the McGill Group for Suicide Studies, recently published a review article in Biological Psychiatry: Global Open Science exploring the role of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) in psychiatric disorders. 

While the human genome primarily encodes proteins, it also produces a variety of non-coding RNAs—molecules that do not directly code for proteins but instead regulate gene expression. These non-coding RNAs can be classified by size into small and long categories. Among the small non-coding RNAs are microRNAs, short sequences with regulatory functions, and snoRNAs. 

SnoRNAs are typically known for their role in modifying ribosomal RNAs, influencing their stability and function. However, emerging research suggests they may have broader functions, particularly in the brain.

“We decided to compile growing information on the role of these small nucleolar RNAs in relation to brain-related phenomena, particularly in the area of mental health,” Turecki explained in an interview with The Tribune. 

This review was motivated by one of his previous studies on a specific snoRNA, SNORD90. This snoRNA differs from its typical function in that it regulates glutamatergic signalling in the brain, which is associated with how well patients respond to antidepressant treatment. 

The link between these snoRNA molecules and neurological disorders is increasingly clear. Research has shown that a total of 80 different snoRNAs are associated with autism spectrum disorder, while another 25 are linked to schizophrenia. These findings suggest that snoRNAs could be key players in mental health, influencing brain functions in ways we are only beginning to understand.

However, studying snoRNAs in the context of mental health presents significant practical challenges.

“If I want to study what changes in the brain as a function of treatment or as a result of improvement, I cannot take a sample of a patient’s brain,” Turecki said.

Researchers must rely on indirect methods to examine molecular changes in the brain. One approach involves examining molecular markers—biological signatures that provide indirect insights into brain function. Another method is postmortem brain tissue analysis, though this comes with inherent limitations as the brain may change after death. 

“There are a number of challenges in accessing the tissue after death,” Turecki explained. “Several things can happen between the moment you wish to study the brain and the moment that person dies.”

In recent years, scientists have also turned to extracellular vesicles (EVs)—tiny particles released by brain cells that carry molecular cargo. These vesicles circulate in peripheral bodily fluids, offering a potential glimpse into brain activity. 

“On the other hand, we are just beginning to understand to what extent what we detect in an EV is representative of what is happening in the brain,” Turecki said. 

While research in this field is still in its early stages, the potential applications of snoRNAs are promising. 

“One of the things I like a lot about working with small non-coding RNA is that they […] can act as therapeutic agents,” Turecki said.

Because these molecules are relatively easy to detect, manipulate, and target, they present a promising avenue in the field of RNA therapeutics. SnoRNA research is not only helpful for understanding the mechanisms of illness but could also open new doors for developing innovative treatments. 

As the field progresses, snoRNAs may emerge as important biomarkers for diagnosing psychiatric disorders and as potential targets for treatment interventions.

Arts & Entertainment, Music, Theatre

‘The Light in the Piazza:’ A call for hope

by Alexandra Lasser on

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Love and acceptance—our primal desires—are laid bare in Opera McGill and McGill Symphony Orchestra’s opening night production of Adam Guettel’s The Light in the Piazza. The story explores love and hope through the intercultural romance between Clara, an American, and Fabrizio, an Italian. The plot is layered and complex, yet remains comedic and focused, thanks to the excellent cast and soaring melodies. 

Kate Fogg, M2 Music, delivered a gripping and beautiful rendition of Clara, a young woman who suffered a brain injury as a child, limiting her emotional and mental development. Fogg’s gentle yet brilliant voice encapsulated the dichotomy between Clara’s youthful demeanour and the fierce emotions that burgeon as she embarks on a life for herself without her mother. 

Though the romance between Clara and Fabrizio (Kyle Briscoe, M2 Music) was playful, and the blending of their voices was mesmerizing, I found the relationship between Clara and her mother Margaret (MacKenzie Sechi, M2 Music) to be the most compelling. The deep love between Clara and Margaret remained at the heart of their struggles with independence and identity. Fogg and Sechi were able to display these intricacies through their nuanced performances, revealing that their close bond was forever at odds with their respective individuality.

Despite being partially in Italian, the show overcame the language barrier through the cast’s expressiveness. The operatic Italian songs suited the classically trained cast and showed an impressive grasp of not only Italian but Italian-accented English. The cast of the Naccarellis—Fabrizio’s family—did an exceptional job. Their Italian was precise and convincing, yet I understood each scene through their gesturing and expression. Giuseppe (Christopher Pitre-McBride, M1 Music), had an electric stage presence and comedic timing, making his scenes especially memorable. 

Though the show contained serious subject matter—struggles with mental disabilities and marital disappointment—it remained funny and captivating. The staging, costuming, and lighting, under the direction of David Gately, worked together to bring out the melange of cultures in the narrative. Many scenes were staged like a tableau vivant in the style of the Florentine Renaissance artwork that surrounds the characters. The costuming was remarkable, transforming the stage into a parade of 1950s fashion that subtly highlighted the cultural differences between the Americans’ casual vacation wear and the Italians’ sophisticated dresswear. 

The use of spotlights was particularly effective at bringing out the relationships between characters. While other characters’ soft spotlights placed them within the amber lighting of the stage, Clara’s father was under harsh white lighting that alienated him from the setting. On his final phone call to his wife, he paced desperately between the confines of his spotlight as he learned he would not be able to stop his daughter’s wedding. 

Even though musicals are outside the usual repertoire of McGill Opera students, their execution was true to the style of the piece. 

“Opera has changed. There’s been a big shift in the repertoire that opera companies are doing,” Patrick Hansen, the Artistic Director of Opera McGill, said in an interview with The Tribune. 

The Light in the Piazza acts as a way to prepare students for the opera world’s changing landscape. While this piece is a musical, operatic elements come through in the orchestration, wide singing range, and Italian traditions that make it uniquely powerful. These elements were able to bring out the larger-than-life emotions of Clara’s newfound freedom, breathing new life into familiar themes of traditional musicals. The orchestra, conducted by Jonathan Monro, played beautifully, balancing the difficult act of expressively playing the phrases without overpowering the singers or the dialogue. The striking orchestration and use of coloratura register evoked the dramaticism of young love and emphasized Clara’s deep desire for acceptance. 

In the final moments of the show, Margaret faced the audience and finally embraced the promise of Clara’s future, closing with a beautifully haunting plea for the light of her love to never dim in a moving declaration of hope.

Science & Technology

Outpatient knee replacement: A cost-effective alternative

by Daniel Pyo on

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Bone surgeries, particularly total hip replacement (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA), are common procedures for treating advanced joint conditions like arthritis and avascular necrosis. While these surgeries are highly effective, they are also invasive and resource-intensive, posing challenges for healthcare systems striving to manage costs. However, with the emergence of new surgical techniques and advancements, the average length of hospital stays for these procedures has decreased.

The demand for hip and knee replacements among patients over 65 has been projected to rise significantly due to an increase in Canada’s aging population. In 2019–2020, TKA surgeries alone cost Canada’s healthcare system $700 million CAD, with each inpatient procedure averaging  $12,223 CAD.

As these surgeries become more common, healthcare systems are under increasing pressure to find cost-effective solutions to expand access to care. One potential option is same-day discharge arthroplasty, also known as outpatient TKA, where patients have the procedure and go home on the same day. A recent study investigated the cost differences between outpatient and inpatient TKA to assess whether this approach could help alleviate some of the financial strain while maintaining the quality of care. 

The study was led by Simon Martel, a fifth-year chief resident in Orthopedic Surgery, and involved researchers from McGill’s Department of Surgery. 

The research team examined the costs associated with both outpatient and inpatient TKA by analyzing data from 50 patients—25 treated as outpatients and 25 as inpatients—at a Canadian academic centre. To measure the costs accurately, the team used an activity-based costing (ABC) framework, which breaks down the total resources and expenses involved in patient care.

The findings reveal that inpatient care was more expensive than outpatient care, mainly due to the costs of hospital admissions and associated services like pharmacy use. While outpatient care was slightly more expensive in terms of operating room logistics, it avoided the costs associated with hospital stays, such as room charges and prolonged nursing care. By shifting to outpatient procedures, healthcare systems could reduce the strain on hospital resources, allowing for more patients to receive timely surgeries. 

“For fairly healthy patients, there’s no difference in their long-term outcome, whether they stay at the hospital for a few days or whether they’re sent home,” Martel said in an interview with The Tribune. 

However, to qualify for outpatient hip and knee replacement surgery, patients must be in good overall health, be motivated to participate in physical therapy after surgery, and have a supportive environment for post-operative recovery and rehabilitation.

The study also found that both outpatient and inpatient groups experienced similar rates of complications and follow-up visits, confirming that outpatient procedures are equally safe when patients are carefully selected. In an era of nursing shortages across North America, reducing post-operative hospital stays for elective joint surgeries could significantly ease the strain on healthcare systems and improve access to orthopedic care.

“The majority of their progress occurs two weeks after the surgery and continues for up to six weeks, so whether they stay in the hospital [overnight] or not, we don’t see much difference in their recovery period,” Martel explained. 

If half of Canada’s knee replacement procedures were to transition to the outpatient model, the healthcare system could save over $45 million CAD annually. In addition to the financial savings, outpatient TKA would alleviate hospital burden, improve access to timely surgeries, and address critical workforce challenges, such as nursing shortages.

While these findings are promising, the study has some limitations, such as its single-centre design and small sample size. Larger studies across diverse healthcare settings are needed to confirm the results and evaluate the broader applicability of outpatient TKA. 

“If you can save $1,000 [CAD], or 50 per cent of post-operative costs per case, it adds up to a significant amount,” Martel added.

Arts & Entertainment, Comedy

Wait, Timothée Chalamet can sing now?

by Olivia Wigod on

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When NBC posted their January Saturday Night Live (SNL) lineups to social media, the casting for the Jan. 25 show generated a lot of buzz. SNL announced that Oscar-nominated actor Timothée Chalamet would serve as both host and musical guest for the second live show of the year. While it excited fans, the announcement received a confused reaction from the public. Though it is not uncommon for SNL to enlist musicians as both hosts and musical guests, Timothée Chalamet constitutes a rare case in which a non-professional singer takes on both roles; the last example of this occurred 30 years ago with Lily Tomlin in 1975. Last week, Chalamet joined a coveted and sparse group of just four other non-professional musical guests in the show’s history. 

Chalamet’s lack of experience as a professional musician raised the question: What will he sing? The actor has no original music on streaming platforms and thus no discography from which to pull. The only songs attached to Chalamet’s artist profile on streaming sites come from his filmography; the actor is a credited artist for the soundtracks to Wonka and A Complete Unknown. Considering this barren discography, some joked (and even hoped) that Chalamet might perform “Statistics,” a viral meme starring the actor’s high school rap persona, Lil’ Timmy Tim. Others assumed, more rationally, that Chalamet would perform songs from his Bob Dylan biopic, A Complete Unknown, to promote the film now in theatres. Because the public knows so little of Chalamet’s singing ability, his SNL debut as a musical guest intrigued fans as it invited many possibilities for his performance. 

Ultimately, Chalamet laid Lil’ Timmy Tim to rest and covered three Bob Dylan songs. The actor opened his musical set with a high-energy performance of “Outlaw Blues.” He commanded the stage, removing his hood partway through the song to highlight his “dark sunglasses,” of which the song speaks. Chalamet’s charismatic performance propelled the momentum initiated by the hilarious monologue and sketches already presented that evening.

After “Outlaw Blues,” Chalamet removed his jacket and sat near the front of the SNL stage to give an intimate performance of “Three Angels.” As with all songs performed, Chalamet used a different arrangement from the original version of Dylan’s track. Here, he provided the audience with a break from SNL’s energetic tone by selecting a spoken-word song. This performance not only allowed repose from the enthusiasm and angst expressed in “Outlaw Blues,” but demonstrated Chalamet’s range as a performer and his ability to captivate an audience without a tune—just words and instrumentals.

In his final musical performance of the night, Chalamet sits with his guitar to sing a meditative rendition of “Tomorrow Is a Long Time.” The song’s slow pace showcases Chalamet’s vocal ability and, like “Three Angels,” contrasts the show’s otherwise unserious tone.So, how did audiences receive Timothée Chalamet’s musical debut? While skeptics may view the actor’s choice to perform Bob Dylan songs as an obvious publicity stunt to draw attention to A Complete Unknown, Chalamet’s talent is nonetheless undeniable. The Oscar nominee took advantage of the fact that most viewers have never heard his voice and performed impressively. He selected deep cuts from Dylan’s discography and made the songs his own, pulling inspiration from Dylan’s inflections while changing the instrumental arrangements to stand out. By leaning into the edge of “Outlaw Blues” and emphasizing the melancholic tone of the other tracks, Chalamet maintained his individuality while impersonating Dylan. Notably, none of the songs Chalamet sang are on the soundtrack for A Complete Unknown; this was an exclusive performance. Chalamet thus left more to the imagination, giving the audience a taste of what to expect from the film without spoiling his performances. Chalamet’s performance undoubtedly made Miss Lawton proud.

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