Latest News

Science & Technology

Meet the virus responsible for this year’s deadly flu outbreak

As January comes to a close, the seasonal flu once again runs rampant across campus. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) under the U.S Department of Health and Human Services has deemed the 2017-2018 flu season as the worst in almost a decade. In North America, flu season typically occurs between the months of October and May, peaking in January or February. In Canada alone, this season has seen 24,749 positive cases and 110 deaths confirmed as of Jan. 20, according to the Canadian FluWatch report.

The viruses currently circulating include the Influenza A strains H3N2 and H1N1 and two lineages of influenza B strains, B/Yamagata and B/Victoria. A and B strains differ based on the hosts that they infect, with A strains infecting both humans and animals and B strains only affecting humans. H3N2, the most dangerous strain in circulation, is notorious for the severity of its symptoms and is responsible for the high death toll of this year’s flu season. According to Maziar Divangahi, assistant professor of Medicine at McGill, the reason behind H3N2’s severity lies in its origins. Zoonotic viruses—those transmitted from animals to humans—are initially more dangerous, and gradually become less severe after passing through the human population.

“This is kind of an evolution, and any virus that suddenly comes from animals [and can be transmitted] to humans is very pathogenic,” Divangahi told The McGill Tribune. “But if it gets passed on and on to the humans, then it becomes a seasonal flu [….] If you want to predict the severity [of each coming flu season] you have to look at this cycle, how [it] could continue, and [how it] could be prevented.”

Observing these cycles and the prevalence of different influenza strains around the world is crucial to the development of vaccines, which are typically cultivated in chicken eggs. Influenza vaccines introduce weakened strains to the body, allowing a person’s immune system to create antibodies that, in the event of exposure to the real disease, combat infection.

Despite the fact that H3N2 is included in each year’s flu vaccine, its mutation rate is very high. As a result, wild viruses differ greatly from the ones grown in labs that are used to make vaccines.

“H3N2 doesn’t grow very well in chicken eggs, […] so when you have a season of flu by H3N2, your vaccine is not very protective,” Divangahi said.

According to the CDC, the current vaccine for H3N2 viruses is only 33 per cent effective, while vaccines for influenza B viruses are effective 54 per cent of the time. Mutations within the H3N2 strain also alter its protein structure, making the virus more harmful. Under normal circumstances, the human body traps flu viruses in the upper airway—but H3N2 has developed the ability to penetrate the lungs, which causes an extreme reaction to the virus from the immune system.

“When people get really sick it’s not because of the virus, it’s because of your [dysregulated] immune response,” Divangahi said. “You’re not supposed to have the virus deep in your lungs, and [this causes] the immune response to go nuts. It says, ‘Well, what’s going on here.’ […] We need to find out the timing and the regulatory mechanism that could shut that down.”

As the race to develop an effective vaccine continues, Divangahi’s lab is looking into developing drugs that suppress the immune system’s intense reaction to infectious diseases such as influenza and tuberculosis.

“A vaccine for influenza definitely is the ultimate goal, but we still need more time to generate an effective vaccine for every single strain of the virus,” Divangahi said. “[Until then], can we find a targeted therapy to regulate these immune pathologies?”

And, more importantly, can we find it before it’s too late?

Commentary, Opinion

Your freedom to disagree does not guarantee you the right to public funds

On Dec. 15, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau’s Liberal government announced changes to the Canada Summer Jobs funding application to ensure that applicant organizations support LGBTQ and reproductive rights. This action sparked outrage from the New Democratic Party (NDP), religious groups, and free speech advocates alike.

After mass condemnation from across the political spectrum, the Liberals simplified the guidelines on the application website. While the attestation remains in place, the party clarified that an organization that does not support gay marriage or abortion may still receive funding, as long as its activities do not actively seek to infringe upon an individual’s rights. However, in order to secure funding for summer positions, an organization would have to attest that it supports reproductive and LGBTQ rights. What critics fail to realize is that the government is under no obligation to fund organizations that will promote an anti-human rights agenda.

Trudeau has enforced a staunch pro-choice Liberal party platform since his election in 2015, but this most recent move transcends party lines, because it also prevents Conservative and NDP members of parliament from financially supporting anti-abortion groups in the Summer Jobs program. As a result, the Liberals make it clear that support for these rights should no longer be concentrated in feminist and gay rights groups, but is to be expected of any organization. This further prioritizes reproductive and LGBTQ rights as human rights—as they are already defined by Canadian law—boldly advancing these long-marginalized causes.

Some have argued that forcing attestations of support will lead to a chilling of the debate surrounding reproductive rights, and could lead to the censure of other groups that do not toe the Liberal party line. However, the issue cuts to the heart of a much larger debate surrounding reproductive and LGBTQ rights in Canada. For decades, one’s right to a safe and legal abortion has been restricted to the sphere of women’s rights, separate from broader notions of human rights. The same applies to LGBTQ rights. It was easy in the past for socially conservative groups to exercise their right to free speech, while simultaneously discriminating against LGBTQ people or campaigning against reproductive rights. But, by encompassing women and the LGBTQ community—and their distinctive rights—into the concept of human rights, Trudeau reshapes the conversation.

Those concerned with the free speech and personal conscience implications of the changes should recognize that this new attestation does not silence the many communities who are anti-abortion or anti-LGBTQ. The ability to personally oppose abortion and LGBTQ rights remains legally protected in the right to freedom of belief. However, acts of restricting access to an abortion clinic or discriminating against LGBTQ patrons are not. An organization should not receive funding for a program that could violate another Canadian’s human rights, be it their right to marry or their right to receive an abortion.

What critics fail to realize is that the government is under no obligation to fund organizations that will promote an anti-human rights agenda.

The line between speaking out against something and actively campaigning against it is often blurry and ill-defined. It is difficult to distinguish, for example, between an organization that distributes anti-abortion pamphlets from a group that pickets abortion clinics. The point at which debate and attempts at conversion become harassment and impediment is unclear, and falls under the purview of the courts. However, it is well within the right of the federal government to refuse to fund an organization that denies certain citizens of their human rights.

Joyce Arthur, executive director of the Abortion Rights Coalition of Canada, remarked that she was content with the clarifications that the Trudeau government made to the application.

“I think that if a group still feels that they cannot sign the attestation even with these clarifications, well, I guess they are ineligible for funding,” Arthur said.

For some organizations, it is a matter of principle or religion that they do not support reproductive and LGBTQ rights. They are free to do so. However, their freedom of thought does not guarantee them federal funding to advance programs that infringe on other Canadians’ human rights.

Sydney King is a U1 Political Science major. She is perpetually debating dropping out and going to culinary school.

 

Commentary, Opinion

CAMSR should promote ethical investment, not sidestep politics

At the Dec. 12, 2017 McGill Board of Governors (BoG) meeting, a proposed review of the terms of reference of McGill’s Committee to Advise on Matters of Social Responsibility (CAMSR) was met with protest by Divest McGill. CAMSR advises the BoG on the social impact of its investments. The proposed revision, which would require CAMSR to ensure that McGill investments are not used for social or political purposes, exacerbates the fault line between McGill’s students and administration.

Students’ anger is justified—the language of the proposed change in CAMSR’s terms of reference further alienates the University from students who have demonstrated time and time again that they care about the environment and social and political issues. McGill should recognize that social, political, and financial implications frequently overlap, and are often inescapable when pursuing environmentally conscious industry. It is untenable for CAMSR to sidestep “social and political purposes” while still fulfilling its mandate.

Dividing sociopolitical and financial actions seems to neutralize the language surrounding McGill’s investments, precluding the possibility or discussion of the University avoiding unethical investments. If McGill truly seeks to be a university on the cusp of technological development, as its participation in artificial intelligence research implies, it should pursue an investment model that incorporates its financial interests with being a role model for the social, political, and environmental responsibility championed by its students.

Ethical investment, or an investment made with regard to environmental, social, and governance issues (ESG investing), is one such model: A developing investment strategy that can produce great returns for the investor while aiding in the growth of sustainable and ethical industries. The main reason that financial analysts may not take ESG factors into account is because of a lack of client interest in these factors. McGill has an opportunity to support sustainable technologies by increasing their interest in ESG issues, instead of continuing to participate in the environmentally unsustainable “carbon bubble”—supporting fossil fuel companies by buying their stock as climate change continues to unfold.

As an advisory body focused on social responsibility, CAMSR has the potential to be McGill’s cornerstone for a more ethical financial future.

To encourage ethical investing, CAMSR should be allowed to advise not only against social injury, as it currently does, but also in a positive capacity, balancing its mandate against “great social industry” with a possible policy designed to facilitate socially and environmentally responsible investments. The language of such a mandate would have to be extremely specific, and such a revision would be a long-term overhaul, but the end rewards would be worthwhile. Long-term thinking, after all, is a key tenet of ethical investment—a tenet that the BoG, still holding onto its high volume of carbon-based investments, currently lacks.

An ESG investment strategy would not only support environmentally-conscious companies, but would also be a step toward fixing the rift between students and administration. As the on-campus traction of Divest McGill—which currently has over 2,500 likes on Facebook—shows, many students often feel embattled by the choices of their administration. According to an article in The Guardian by Justin Keeble of Accenture Sustainability Services, young people care more about promoting sustainability than previous generations. This passion is heightened by the fear that every callous environmental choice compromises their future. When the University refuses to alter its investments to be more conscious of the future, its students feel not only disillusioned, but afraid and powerless.

Feeble attempts at financial neutrality, such as the proposed revision, are not a solution. Ethical investing, however, could be the beginning of a reconciliation between students and university.

As an advisory body focused on social responsibility, CAMSR has the potential to be McGill’s cornerstone for a more ethical financial future. Its current proposed revision, however, neutralizes this potential in a way that is visible and disheartening to its students. The BoG may be concerned with the performance of McGill’s investments, but the world—including the financial sphere—is changing rapidly, and what “performance” means might be changing, too. The administration should follow the example of its students, and start considering the long term.

 

Grace Gunning is a U3 History major and occasional artist. She enjoys climbing, gardening, and cheesy 80’s sci fi.

 

Ask Ainsley, Student Life

Ask Ainsley: My ex and I share the same friend group. How do I navigate our breakup?

Dear Ainsley,

I recently broke up with my partner, but we are in the same friend group so I’m forced to see them around my friends all the time. How can I properly deal with the break up while staying friends with my ex in order to avoid causing tension in my friend group?

Sincerely,

Post-breakup Problems


Dear PBP,

Know that you are not alone in this dilemma; many people have been in a similar situation to yours. Breaking up with someone is already very stressful, and the aftermath becomes even more distressing when you share mutual friends. First and foremost, it is undeniably admirable that you are trying your best to maintain the friendship. However, know that having mutual friends alone isn’t a good reason to stay in contact with your ex and that if the friendship doesn’t end up working out, it’s not your fault, and your friends won’t blame you for it. With that said, there may be some ways in which you can maintain a good relationship with your ex for the sake of both your feelings and the dynamic of your friend group.


Before diving back into a friendship, consider taking some time to yourself, maybe by learning a new hobby or delving more deeply into your studies. Reach out to other friends or spend more time with family—temporarily distance yourself from your ex and associated reminders. Finding something new to do with the time you once spent with your partner will keep your mind off of them. During your time apart, however, it is important that you do spend a bit of time thinking about how you feel in the situation and how you want to go about managing your feelings when you are ready to reconnect with your ex and your friend group.

When you feel ready to re-open lines of communication, start by establishing clear and understood ground rules with your ex. No matter what agreements you make, ensure that they are representative of your needs. For example, make it a rule that neither of you can hook up with any other members of your friend group. And if one of you does develop feelings for a mutual friend, make a rule for how to handle this in order to avoid any unnecessary anxiety and resentment. Similarly, make an effort not to brag or talk about your dating lives in front of each other, even in group settings with other friends, as doing so could hurt your ex. It is also important for you and your ex to set boundaries regarding your relationship, in order to spare feelings and help facilitate a clean break. This may mean you make a rule against “booty-calling” each other or spending too much time alone together.

Depending on how the breakup occurred, it’s normal that you may get into disagreements in the future. However, remember that this is your fight—and not your friends’ fight—so you and your ex need to settle it privately. If you do argue and it gets overwhelming, do not feel like you need to force a friendship. In this case, it’s important that you learn to agree to disagree and be civil to each other around your friend group. No matter what, be sure to eliminate any disagreements around mutual friends, so they do not get caught up in the middle of it. Don’t make friends feel like they have to choose sides, and try not to badmouth your ex in front of your friends—not only will this lead to more fighting between you two, but could lead to fights within your greater friend group as well.

Above all, remember to be honest with yourself about your intentions and your emotions. Being near an ex after a breakup can be difficult and inspire complicated emotions, but feeling like you have to be around an ex constantly because they are in your friend group can cause tremendous discomfort, especially at the onset of the break up. Put yourself first, take time to heal, and try to accept that most situations will feel awkward, at least for a while. The change in dynamics of your friend group may cause you to feel a bit isolated, so remember to reach out to trusted friends or family for support. Staying connected and social will help you get over your ex more quickly, and in turn, get dynamics in your friend group back to normal.

Sending love and support,

Ainsley

Off the Board, Opinion

Go gentle into that good night

We fear the possibility of dying before we’ve accomplished everything we want to do. Or we fear the possibility of a loved one dying before they are able to see us accomplish everything we want to do. Both are paralyzing fears—and ultimately futile.

When I was in high school, my father was diagnosed with Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), the most common and also the most aggressive type of malignant brain tumour. These types of tumours grow incredibly fast and in such a way that makes it difficult to target them through surgical procedure. Only 30 per cent of GBM patients live to see the two years following their diagnosis. My father passed away in May 2014, just hitting the two-year benchmark in the final months of my senior year.

During the first of those two years, he underwent three taxing surgeries, each a desperate attempt at extending a life that was inevitably hurtling toward its close. His chemotherapy treatments placed him at a high risk for infection and deadly internal bleeding. On top of this, radiotherapy subjected him to further brain damage than that provoked by his tumour, resulting in violent mood swings and irreversible changes in his character.

These concerted efforts toward fighting off his death, all classical medical responses to GBM diagnoses, made those two years all the more distressing for my father and for my family. The process of watching him die was drawn-out; it felt exhausting and unnecessary. All that the aggressive treatment achieved was to generate false hope that he might recover. By living out a scenario that merely delayed the inevitable, I forgot that death is invincible, no matter how hard we fight it. A franker dialogue in our culture about the pervasiveness of death might have helped to fend off such an illusion.

By living out a scenario that merely delayed the inevitable, I forgot that death is invincible, no matter how hard we fight it.

Ultimately, it is impossible to separate the arrival of death from the act of living, so we find ourselves under the obligation to incorporate it into the way we lead our lives. The way we choose to die is meaningful—it impacts us and the ones we leave behind—but we can’t die the way we want to if we don’t acknowledge its looming presence in the time that we have. The same goes for mourning the death of a close friend or family member: By fighting off the reality of their death, we only make it that much more painful for ourselves when we finally have to face the hole they leave in our life.

It’s not just a question of embracing the reality of death, but of celebrating it. We need to allow death to take up space in the life that we live now, rather than shrugging it off as an immaterial likelihood, or a project to handle another day. A 2007 study, conducted by professors from the University of Kentucky and Florida State University, finds that the acknowledgment of our mortality induces a positive emotional reaction. If we dedicated even the tiniest portion of our day to admitting that life and death go hand in hand we would—somewhat counterintuitively—actually feel happier.

When faced with an impending death, the immediate reaction is often an instinctive fight or flight response. Our culture conflates the approach of death with a sense of urgency to fulfill those projects we have not yet had time to complete, or love those who we have not yet had time to love enough. Instead of letting the sudden realization of the oncoming reality of death bring goals and regrets into focus, it is important to face them head on—to book that trip to South Africa, or to read that copy of War and Peace sitting forlorn on the bookshelf.

Mourning can’t be hurried; we must deal with the passing of our loved ones at a pace that feels comfortable, expressing anger and sadness at their loss along the way. Western culture simply doesn’t understand death and grief, making it even harder to handle them as an individual. We are made uncomfortable by public displays of emotion—sadness in particular—and social etiquette dictates that we tiptoe around the issue by using euphemisms. But, if we make concerted efforts to think and talk candidly about death together, we can make its entrance into our collective lives less jarring, and create a more supportive environment for those who witness and suffer in its aftermath.

In a poem composed for his dying father, Dylan Thomas implores that he “do not go gentle into that good night,” but that he “rage, rage against the dying of the light.” Thomas has it all wrong: We shouldn’t fight off death, we should understand and accept it. Taken this way, death can be the ultimate motivation to live meaningfully.

 

Marie is a U4 English student at McGill and Features Editor at the Tribune. Her spirit animal is a penguin.

 

Commentary, Opinion

Why our mothers and grandmothers won’t say #MeToo

The holidays are awkward enough without having to explain the definition of sexual assault to your relatives. Yet, my sisters and I found ourselves doing just that at the end of 2017, when the subject of  #MeToo, a movement created by Tarana Burke to increase awareness about sexual harassment and assault, came up at a family gathering. My mother voiced her desire to support us no matter what, but seemed confused when we explained that unwanted sexual advances are harassment and that sexual contact without enthusiastic consent is assault.

“Don’t these attitudes lead to self-victimization?” my mother asked. “Whatever happened to women’s empowerment?”

These questions are central to the growing backlash against the #MeToo movement. Notably, there is a stark generational divide in the discourse. Many Generation X and baby boomer women resist #MeToo because they view it as a threat to women’s agency. Younger millennial and Gen Z women who believe in the importance of enthusiastic consent feel failed by the feminism of older generations, which frames empowerment as conforming to the worst tenets of toxic masculinity—“bite the bullet,” “don’t show fear or pain,” or, “boys will be boys”—rather than challenging them.

To young women, empowerment means actively resisting harmful norms, not tolerating them. This requires pushing back against inappropriate behaviour not only in the office, but in personal relationships as well. For example, no adult should expect sex, flirtation, or romance to magically occur without communication between partners. It’s not robotic, it’s respectful. If young women want allies in their quest to change norms, they must be open to talking with older generations in order to reconcile these different visions of empowerment.

One of the main concerns older women have with #MeToo is that it creates a culture of victimhood. The literary critic Daphne Merkin wrote in The New York Times, “We seem to be returning to a victimology paradigm for young women, in particular, in which they are perceived to be—and perceive themselves to be—as frail as Victorian housewives.” Margaret Atwood, author of The Handmaid’s Tale, wrote in The Globe and Mail that she does not believe “that women are children, incapable of agency or of making moral decisions. If they were, we’re back to the 19th century.”

 

To young women, empowerment means actively resisting harmful norms, not tolerating them.

 

Some older women also do not believe that “a bad night”—or any non-consensual sexual activity that is not technically rape—should be considered assault. Many people questioned whether “Grace’s” account of her date with Aziz Ansari—in which he ignored her verbal and nonverbal cues—constituted assault. In her Atlantic response piece, “The Humiliation of Aziz Ansari,” writer Caitlin Flanagan bemoaned the fragility of “the young,” dismissed the woman’s feelings of violation as “regret,” and attacked the allegations as “3,000 words of revenge porn.”

Other women have questioned what romance and sex would look like without the male behaviour young women condemn. Slate’s executive editor, Alison Benedikt, published an article about her marriage to a former boss who treated her in a way that, by today’s standards, would be viewed as harassment. He drunkenly kissed her at a work event and openly leered at her in the office while wielding power over her career. She viewed his advances as romantic and wonders whether the excitement of flirting will be able to withstand the standards of consent that #MeToo advocates.

These critics were fine when the #MeToo discussion was limited to the likes of Harvey Weinstein, but fail to recognize that the behaviours of serial abusers, local office creeps, and aggressive frat boys are linked. These behaviours are not equally morally depraved—no one is calling for Ansari to face the same legal consequences as Weinstein—but they all stem from the same culture of misogynistic entitlement.

As women continue to push back against sexual assault and harassment, notions of women’s empowerment must evolve past those of our mothers and grandmothers. My discussion with my older relatives about #MeToo was awkward, difficult, and frustrating, but young women need to keep having these conversations across generations in order to move forward with them.  

Sophie Panzer is a U3 History major. Her interests include eating carbs, reading books, and walking dogs.

 

News, SSMU

SSMU introduces new Gendered and Sexual Violence Policy with new coordinator

As of Jan. 8, Caitlin Salvino, chair of Our Turn, a national student group committed to preventing sexual violence on campuses and advocating for survivors, became the official Students’ Society of McGill University’s (SSMU) Gendered and Sexualized Violence Policy (GSVP) Coordinator. She aims to create a proactive policy to address sexual violence on campus and complement McGill’s Policy against Sexual Violence.

Although SSMU completed the first GSVP draft in July 2017 in accordance with the Community Disclosure Network’s (CDN) original timeline recommendations, initial consultations in Fall 2017 revealed students’ concerns over an underdeveloped survivor-focused framework and the lack of gender-based violence policies.

The CDN—a network for survivors of sexual and gendered violence to disclose their experiences and seek support—was established in February 2017 following incidents involving former SSMU executives. In response to the allegations, the CDN called for the creation of the GSVP and has continued to advise SSMU on relevant cases. According to a CDN member who wished to remain anonymous, the policy’s quality should take precedence over adherence to the proposed schedule.

Drafting policy like this takes time to do properly,” the member wrote. [The CDN feels] extremely confident in [Salvino’s] ability to take on this project. She is incredibly well-qualified for this work.”

Salvino will be holding open forums on Feb. 5 and Feb. 12 as well as community-specific consultations in the coming weeks to spark discussion on the policy. The new GSVP draft will be delivered to student groups in March and the final GSVP report will be published on May 31.

“Right now, we are doing consultations and researching into current [sexual and gendered violence] policies and provincial law,” Salvino said. “[Starting a new GSVP draft] is kind of about stepping back, speaking to as many people as possible from many communities, and trying to create a policy that is much more holistic.”

Priya Dube, U3 Arts, and Bee Khaleeli, U2 Arts, will work alongside Salvino as Gender and Sexual Violence Policy Advisors. Their positions will provide context on previous initiatives and recognize McGill student groups that work to address gendered and sexual violence, such as the Black Students’ Network (BSN). To BSN Vice-President (VP) Political Affairs Christelle Tessono, the GSVP is particularly important because people of colour are at greater risk of sexual violence, making it necessary for their perspective to be heard.

“It is important to understand that sexual violence targets everyone […] and to talk about sexual violence without recognizing how it targets every specific body doesn’t do justice to dismantling rape culture,” Tessono said. “[The BSN is concerned about] how we make sure that we hold each other accountable and how SSMU plays a role in creating that culture.”

Salvino praises SSMU as the first student union in Canada to tackle sexual and gendered violence through policy, although she warns that the Society will likely face hurdles in enforcing the GSVP. SSMU VP External Connor Spencer notes the culture of mistrust around SSMU and institutional pushback, especially regarding survivor confidentiality and executive dismissal, as major limitations.

“Quebec Labour [standards] are the superseding documents to all SSMU documents and people are typically not even willing to look into bending those rules or interpreting them in a way that is accessible,” Spencer said. “It’s [also] going to take many years of good executives to combat [students’ mistrust of SSMU] and one policy is not going to fix that, but hopefully [the GSVP] is a first of many steps.”

SSMU has been exploring implementation methods such as training club executives on how to report disclosures, tying club funding to workshop attendance, and encouraging faculties to include points from the GSVP in their own constitutions. Spencer recommends that sexual and gendered violence survivors seek help from SSMU, the McGill administration, and survivor-orientated groups like the Sexual Assault Centre of the McGill Students’ Society (SACOMSS).

“My own definition of a pro-survivor approach is choice, and the ability to make informed choices,” Spencer said. “At the student union level, we can facilitate [student accomodations] a lot better because we have the connections with the [McGill administration] office and know what has come before [….] so that we can better advocate for certain folks.”

Student Life

Not sure where to study? Four alternative study spots on campus

The Winter semester is in full swing, which means it’s time for students to bury their heads back into their textbooks. With the wounds of last finals season still healing, the memories of the Schulich and Redpath-McLennan libraries are scarring for many students. The McGill Tribune has compiled a list of five alternative study spots on campus to try based on mood and study habits, to switch up their study environment while staying on top of their work.

When you’re seeking solitude – Islamic Studies Library

Address: Morrice Hall, 3485 McTavish Street

Open from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. during the week, this library’s calm and reclusive atmosphere is perfect if you’re looking to work in a silent environment by yourself. The bookshelves, brimming with historical material, inspire curiosity and serenity. The private carrels spread across the library are the perfect spots to be focused-yet-relaxed while doing readings for tomorrow’s class, or solving equations at your own pace. Check it out if you find yourself looking for a calm place to study, but be warned that outlets are sparse, so come prepared with a fully-charged battery.

Noise Level – 2/5

If you’re feeling social – Geographic Information Centre

Address: 5th floor, Burnside Hall, 805 Sherbrooke Street West

The Geographic Information Center (GIC) is a bustling study area filled with students chatting in small groups. Situated on the fifth floor of busy Burnside Hall, the centre’s lively open space is the ideal environment for students in need of a little background noise to focus. The large tables make for great group study spaces, and the rows of computers by the door are perfect for students hoping to leave their laptops at home. If you’re overwhelmed by the oppressively silent environment of libraries, and can’t seem to work in isolation, the GIC is the perfect place to study in the company of peers.

Noise level – 4/5

For a motivated morning –  Osler Library of the History of Medicine

Address: 3rd Floor, McIntyre Medical, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler

With its tall windows, dispersed plants, and towering wooden bookshelves, this library’s atmosphere is immediately welcoming. These characteristics, combined with the intense silence of the building, make it easy to focus on schoolwork and lose track of time. However, the library’s opening hour of 9 a.m. and early closing time of 5 p.m. during the week best suits a crowd of morning risers with daytime study habits. So, if you find yourself in McMed at an early hour, this study spot may be the best for you. Beware that you’ll need a charged laptop to get through this study session, as there aren’t many outlets in the library. Although, with the Med Café on the fifth floor of the building, students can grab a snack and charge their laptops during a lunch-time study break.

Noise Level – 1/5

 

When you need to focus – Birks Reading Room

Address: 2nd floor, Birks Building, 3250 University Street

Situated within the Religious Studies building, the Birks Reading Room is a small and orderly space where students are required to remove their shoes before entering. The main floor of the library is filled with bookshelves holding encyclopedias on every known religion. Despite the picturesque setting, the mood is tense due to the strictly upheld rules about noise level. For students seeking a silent study day, the lack of distraction, small crowd, and abundance of outlets allow for long periods of concentrated work. If you’re looking to take advantage of the natural light for calm reading or people-watching, head up to the second-floor study space and grab one of the many individual chairs in the room featuring large windows overlooking University Street.

Noise Level – 1/5

Student Life

McGill’s annual International Food Festival: Sharing culture through curries, couscous, and more

On Jan. 25, the third floor of the Students’ Society of McGill University (SSMU) building bustled with hungry students leaning over plates of food at the International Food Festival. The festival, hosted annually since 2012 by the McGill-based organization Borderless World Volunteers (BWV), raises funds for student volunteer trips with non-governmental organizations each summer.

Emillee Hernandez, Co-President of BWV and U3 Arts and Science student, one of the many organizers of the festival, described the organization’s reasoning behind the creation of the event.

“BWV was founded in 2003,” Hernandez said. “From there this event was [created] to celebrate Montreal’s cultural diversity. We wanted to figure out some sort of medium that was both entertaining but also made enough money to support these trips.”

In addition to on-campus events, BWV also focuses on what they can do to support those in need in Montreal.

“We have affiliations with local organizations,” Hernandez said. “We don’t give money to them but we supply [them with] volunteers. A lot of times we’ll partner with organizations that are oriented towards helping the homeless. We also do our own sandwich distributions.”

For the first time in the six years that the festival has been running, student societies and cultural groups on campus were invited to join local restaurants in sharing their traditional cuisines. The diversity in food options from table to table at the event was remarkable–from Italian food, to Japanese, to Middle-Eastern.

For Dounia Bennis, U3 Arts and president of the McGill Moroccan Students’ Association, the festival was an opportunity to share her culture while also becoming familiar with other cultures.

“We really try to be present in as many cultural food events as possible, to really get people to learn about Morocco, its culture, and its food,” Bennis said.

A lot of the food at the event, however, was brought in from local sponsor restaurants. David King-Hope, vice-president of the International Food Festival Committee and U4 Engineering student, described the sponsor-student relationship was as advantageous for both parties.

“We’re always looking for ways to make it more beneficial for the sponsors,” King-Hope said. “In doing things like printing individual banners for each restaurant [which] enhances their advertising.”

One of the restaurants present was Student Tasty Biryani, whose co-owner Salman Syed believes it’s important for restaurants to support charitable events for reasons beyond being good advertising.

“We are participating [to serve] the community,” Syed said. “We feel this is not just for business, it’s for a good cause.”

In a community as diverse as McGill, events such as the International Food Festival serve to bring people together to celebrate differences while simultaneously commemorating one’s own culture. What better way to do this than through an activity everyone enjoys—Eating.

Science & Technology

Learning a second language may benefit children with autism

For many, fluency in more than one language would be considered an obvious asset. Yet, the concept of a “bilingual advantage” is still widely debated, particularly for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Often, parents are advised to raise children with ASD monolingually to avoid compounding potential language delays resulting from autism. Controversy surrounding the effects of bilingualism on executive functions, or the set of cognitive processes that control behaviour, is especially prevalent.

A new study conducted by Associate Professor Aparna Nadig from the School of Communication Sciences and Disorders and McGill alumnus Ana Maria Gonzalez-Barrero, suggests that proficiency in a second language may help—and not hinder—the cognitive flexibility of children with ASD. After presenting 40 children between the ages of six and nine with a series of card sorting tasks, the researchers found that those who were bilingual performed significantly better on the most complex phase than the monolingual subjects. For the tests, children were seated at a laptop and ranked images of boats and rabbits based on their size and colour.

“Something that I, and even the parents, found interesting was that the task the children were doing on the laptop was quite challenging, even for adults,” Gonzalez-Barrero said. “It had different phases, but on the most complex [one], the bilingual children [with ASD] performed really well. [Some] parents observing their children were surprised [….They] told me that ‘If you asked me to perform this task, I think I wouldn’t be as good as my child.’”

According to Nadig, activities related to cognitive flexibility, including switching from one task to another (set-shifting) and approaching a problem from a different perspective are actions that people with autism typically struggle to carry out. Gonzalez-Barrero explained that, given the stringent requirements for the population study, the scientific literature on children with ASD—let alone bilingual children with autism—is limited.

“This is the first study to our knowledge that is looking at whether bilingualism may provide advantages on cognitive flexibility for children with autism spectrum disorders,” Gonzalez-Barrero said. “There are several articles that have reported a bilingual advantage in adults and in children [suggesting] better cognitive skills in some specific tasks for bilingual relative to monolingual individuals, but this hasn’t been explored [extensively] in children with developmental disorders [….] We wanted to see if the bilingual advantage could be generalized to children in the autism spectrum.”

For this study alone, participants had to undergo a two-hour testing session in each language they spoke—English, French, or Spanish—and had to have received at least 20 per cent exposure to their second language since birth. Participants’ parents and independent bilingual graders also listened to the subjects’ speech and rated their fluency on a four-point scale.

With their work, Nadig and Gonzalez-Barrero contributed additional literature for families to consult when making important educational and child rearing decisions.

“There are an increasing number of families with children with ASD for whom using two or more languages is a common and valued practice,” Nadig said. “As we know in bilingual societies such as ours, speaking only one language can be a significant obstacle in adulthood for employment, educational, and community opportunities.”

Nadig and Gonzalez-Barrero’s study is long-term, and they will continue observing the same group of children over three to five years. In this next phase of their research, they hope to examine the effects of bilingualism on the childrens’ daily life behaviours, such as their ability to set-shift when confronted with a challenging activity.

“We have a companion study to this one that will be coming out shortly, where we investigated more complex language skills at school age in the same sample of children with ASD,” Nadig said. “We found there that bilingual children’s language skills were still in the normal range in their dominant language, so once again, the take home message is that bilingualism is not harmful.”

Read the latest issue

Read the latest issue