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McGill, Montreal, News

Kanien’kehá:ka Kahnistensera express concern over handling of potential evidence on New Vic site

by Jasjot Grewal on

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Content Warning:  Mentions of death

On Oct. 10, McGill’s Provost and Vice-Principal (Academic) Christopher Manfredi sent an email to all McGill students and staff providing updates on the work taking place on the former Royal Victoria Hospital (RVH) grounds, where the university plans to construct its New Vic project—a state-of-the-art research facility for sustainability systems and public policy. This comes as the latest update in the ongoing investigation into the New Vic site, where the Kanien’kehá:ka Kahnistensera (Mohawk Mothers) worry there may be unmarked graves of Indigenous children. 

Manfredi’s email addressed a security concern that took place on Oct. 2, sharing that an individual placed themselves in front of active heavy machinery.  McGill media relations officer Frédérique Mazerolle explained in an email to The Tribune that it was one of the Mothers who found themselves in front of heavy machinery, which posed a serious security threat to all personnel on the site. 

“The incident posed a very serious safety concern for herself, the cultural monitors, and the construction workers on site. As a result, strengthened safety measures, consistent with the terms of the Settlement Agreement, were put in place.”

In an interview with The Tribune, anthropologist and associate of the Mothers Phillippe Blouin explained that leading up to the incident, archaeologists were moving above-ground piles of soil that had already been sifted for potential forensic evidence. However, they proceeded to move piles of soil that had not been sifted for evidence, which the Mothers feared could potentially damage the forensic chain of custody.

“Then, one of the Mohawk Mothers, […] she used a whistle,” Blouin said. “They have whistles there if there’s a problem on the site, to stop the machines, and to have a conversation with the archaeologists, and to see what’s going on.” 

Mazerolle asserted that McGill had not provided the Mothers or anyone else with a whistle on the site. 

Additionally, in a written statement to The Tribune, the Société québécoise des infrastructures (SQI)—one of the key defendants in the case—asserted that the piles of soil were being moved because the heavy machinery operating nearby made the area unsuitable for sifting such a large quantity of soil. Thus, at the request of archaeologists, the soil was moved to be sifted at a safer location. 

The Mothers have not been to the site since the incident occurred, with no current plans to return. 

Manfredi stated that no evidence of unmarked graves had been found on the site; he reported that the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey conducted last month identified any anomalies with “likely” grave-type features, but also found several “unknown” feature anomalies. He did, however, acknowledge that some new artifacts were found on the site, including bone fragments and an additional child’s shoe sole. The sole was found in Zone 11 of the site—a zone that covers paved land and thus was previously thought not to contain anomalies.

Blouin alleged that the court-appointed Indigenous cultural monitors were not told about the initial recovery of the shoe—rather, they accidentally stumbled upon it in a ditch on Sept. 28. The Mothers are skeptical about whether an archaeologist was present during its discovery, as their settlement agreement mandates.

“The Mohawk Mothers didn’t receive any proper explanation of what happened [or] why [the shoe sole] was there. Seems like it had been tossed there in the ditch in Zone 11,” Blouin said  “So, we don’t know whether an archaeologist was present when it was found, and if it’s not the case that an archaeologist was present, well, that would be a breach of the agreement directly.” 

Another growing concern for the Mothers is the restricted access to the physical building near the Hersey Pavilion on the New Vic Site—where Historical Human Remains Detection Dogs (HHRDD) previously detected the potential scent of human remains. Archaeologists recommended that a ten-metre radius around the area in which the HHRDD had detected an initial scent should be searched—and the building falls within that radius. Nevertheless, Blouin shared that the Mothers have not been allowed access to the building. 

Farnoush Toupchinejad, U2 Science, told The Tribune that she feels that McGill communications to the staff and student body could be improved. 

“It does seem like, because there is a legal battle going on, like obviously neither side wants to lose, and so, even though McGill does seem like they’re being transparent, it could also be like they’re not sharing a lot of information,” Toupchinejad said. “So even though there is recent evidence that [the New Vic site] could possibly be a grave, they’re still like, ‘Oh well, it could also be this, this, and this.’ They don’t want to kind of be hindered in their goals.”

Know Your Athlete, Martlets, Rugby, Sports

Know Your Athlete: Lauren Minns

by Anoushka Oke on

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Despite missing the past two seasons due to a sprained ankle and then a coaching job at Vanier College, Lauren Minns was quick to make an impression with the Martlets’ rugby team, scoring three tries in the Martlets’ historic win in the first game of the season. After back-to-back seasons stuck on the bench, Minns sat down with //The Tribune// to discuss her journey to falling in love with the sport and her excitement to finally play a full season at McGill. 

Minns grew up in the Montreal neighborhood of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, and only started playing rugby as a sport in high school. Growing up, she exclusively played soccer and wrestling. After playing a bit of rugby in high school, she switched her focus to wrestling, but felt that it was not giving her what she wanted from athletics.

“I really missed that team-sport vibe, which is what led me to try out for the rugby team at John Abbott [College] in my third year,” she explained. “Also, wrestling wasn’t [competed] at the CEGEP level, so I wasn’t playing for John Abbott when I wrestled—I was just part of my own club. I wanted to get reintroduced into the student-athlete life in college.”

Minns’ rugby prowess in CEGEP caught the attention of the University of Ottawa (UOttawa). UOttawa representatives invited her to rugby recruitment weekend programs before she later committed to the school. At UOttawa, Minns experienced the glory of a national championship in her rookie year; that season, she won Réseau du sport étudiant du Québec (RSEQ) Rookie of the Year and was a first-team All-Star. She played three seasons for the school before the pandemic wiped out her senior season.

After graduating from UOttawa, Minns came to McGill Law and decided to continue her rugby journey with the Martlets. 

“What I thought was very unique about this opportunity was to just see […] how we can continue helping this program slowly and surely get back to the top—because, at one point, McGill was the best in the RSEQ,” Minns said.

Despite the Martlets’ poor record over the past few seasons, Minns believes that the key to success lies in attitude and in strong defensive play.

“For me, [the mindset] is: How, in any way, shape, or form, can I help decrease the gap between the points we score and the points that the other team scores against us?” she explained. “The goal was to shorten that gap so that every single game felt more competitive, every game felt more like the other team actually had to work for their win, work for every point. I didn’t want [opposing] teams to feel like they could do whatever they wanted.”

In Minns’ eyes, the game against Bishop’s on Aug. 31 exemplified that changed attitude in action as McGill not only rallied to keep their defense tight while scoring points but also made one last try towards the end of the game just to make a point, despite not needing the try to win the game.

At the start of the season, nobody on the team had experienced a win while playing for McGill. With a win under their belt now solidifying their foundation, the team is set up well to keep building their program.

Outside of rugby, Minns is a travel fanatic. Her favourite trip was with one of her best friends to Greece, where she spent six weeks in Sparta volunteering and teaching English to kindergarteners.

“It completely changed my outlook on life—the way people approach life in Sparta is so different from how I was used to approaching it here,” she said. “Nothing felt like a rush there; everyone took the time to do what they wanted to do throughout the day, properly […] the human interaction was so much more genuine and thoughtful.”

The team’s last game of the season was a loss on Oct. 1 against the Université de Montréal. With this season’s conclusion, Minns hopes to make the most of her last year of eligibility in 2024.

Research Briefs, Science & Technology

Based on traits: Selecting more resilient wood for future wood-building industries

by Jinha Suh on

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Before concrete and steel, wood was the predominant material in many human endeavours. Nowadays, while wood has been mostly replaced, its usage remains common. Wood construction specialists, however, continue to rely on only a few species, limiting their survivability against climate change.

To ensure the viability of forestry and building industries, there must be long-term solutions that reduce the impact of such environmental disturbances. Peter Osborne, a PhD candidate at McGill’s Peter Guo-hua Fu School of Architecture, believes that building with more functionally diverse and ecological resilient wood species is the key.

According to Osborne’s paper, ‘functional traits’ are biological characteristics of plants associated with their growth, survival, and reproduction. A ‘plant-building trait-based’ approach, therefore, analyzes tree species based on their ecological and construction-relevant traits. 

“[Trait-based ecology examines] characteristics within aspecies, such as drought tolerance, leaf area, and seed disperaldiameter at breast height that contribute to forest ecosystem resilience. ,” Osborne said in an interview with The Tribune. “[Building-related traits] would be characteristics of wood that are desired in [construction, within] certain ranges of mechanical and physical properties such as fire resistance and pest tolerance.”

By grouping species of similar construction-relevant traits, Osborne compared the current needs of the industry with the internal characteristics of each species. One of his case studies, performed in southeastern Quebec, found that although the construction industry’s perspective designates softwood from coniferous trees as the most desirable wood, overreliance on a few of these species jeopardizes construction systems.

“Softwoods grow faster and straighter. And in Canada, they are extremely abundant,” Osborne said. “The workability, and the general physical and mechanical properties of these species are oftentimes advantageous.”

To enhance the ecological resilience of our forests, Osborne’s forest-building approach advocates for a greater selection of tree species with diverse functional traits. The construction industry should then extend its repertoire of wood construction techniques to encompass a more extensive spectrum of wood species. To achieve this, the forestry and wood industries need to work synergistically. 

Coniferous trees, often used in wood-building, would be an ideal candidate for growing ecologically resilient, climate-adapted forests. Unfortunately, coniferous trees are prone to both fire and damaging insect species such as the moth genus, Dendrolimus.

Conversely, fire cannot climb the tight, smooth bark of deciduous trees, which can reduce forest fire spread. However, the wood from these trees can easily bend and form knots, which is considered inadequate for construction lumber. Although not used structurally, these hardwoods can still be used in flooring for high durability. Osborne elaborated on this point by alluding to silviculture—the science of controlling and managing forests.

“There are also silvicultural reasons why [hardwoods] are not as utilized—primarily due to their age, the time that they have to take to grow, and the facility silvicultural applications that surround them,” Osborne said. “So, a maple [hardwood species] forest is not as functionally convenient to harvest as a pine forest.”

To examine long-term forest dynamics within the region where these tree species grow, Osborne simulates them on the LANDIS-II model by testing four forest management approaches—business-as-usual (BAU), climate change adaptation (CCA), and two variants of functional diversification network (FDN)—under different climate scenarios—current, warm, and hot. Then, he measures the changes in harvest output and species composition of the trees.

“[Although] in the business-as-usual [BAU] approach, there is a substantial increase in harvest volume[,] unless we somehow find ways to utilize the wood more efficiently[,] we cannot really do it under this approach,” Osborne said. “Under the climate change adaptation [CCA] and the functional diversification network [FDN] approach, we find that the standard building groups (BGs) stayed more or less the same in their output, if not increased compared to the BAU approach. But where we found the most increases were obviously BG3-BG7 [hardwoods].”

Furthermore, he found a 40 per cent increase in short-term harvest volume in the CCA and FDN approaches, resulting from a timely harvest at early growth stages. Prioritizing species with overlapping functional traits for harvest while planting ecologically foreign species would increase forest functional diversity. 

Although the CCA and FDN approaches seem to offer promising avenues, the striking reality is that the outcome remains uncertain. Greater functional diversity and ecological resilience may increase chances of survival in case of ecological disturbances.

“This calls for designers and engineers in the industry to become more adaptable in the future to survive in any of these [climate] scenarios,” Osborne explained.

To prepare for the unforeseeable future, it is critical to work with, and not against, our forests—by increasing the adaptability of wood construction and creating a dynamic and flexible usage of wood in response to current needs.

Science & Technology

Annual Environment Public Lecture explores an economic approach to clean energy

by Elyse Dyck on

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On Oct. 5, McGill’s Bieler School of Environment hosted their annual Environment Public Lecture. For this occasion, Moyse Hall Theatre was speckled with professors and students curious to hear how Gernot Wagner, a climate economist and lecturer at Columbia Business School, would argue that the solution to the climate crisis lies in the business world. 

In his lecture, Climate Risks, Uncertainties, and Opportunities, Wagner argued that investing in sustainable climate technologies to reach global emission targets is the right thing to do, not only morally, but economically. 

He stressed that the social cost of carbon (SCC)—an estimate, in dollars, of the economic damages that would result from emitting an additional ton of CO2 into the atmosphere—is an effective tool to guide policy creation, as it translates the consequences of climate change into economic language, which are more easily understood by policymakers than future concerns about preserving the environment. 

“$200 [USD] is the bare minimum of the full social cost per ton of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere today,” Wagner explained in his lecture. 

However, this estimate only considers what we already know. What we do not know—the risks and uncertainties—may worsen the climate crisis, and push the value of the SCC higher. In other words, as the crisis worsens, the financial toll of each new ton of CO2 may change dramatically.

Since these unknowns are so critical to the future of climate change, Wagner considered environmental protection a global risk-management problem. He highlighted the importance of higher cost estimates, since inevitable tipping points, such as the Gulf Stream collapse, will likely double the social cost of carbon. 

But using only SCC estimates leads to a seemingly simple solution: If we were to all pay $200-400 per ton of CO2 by policy, we could solve the climate crisis.

“News flash, we don’t live in that world,” Wagner said. “There is no one silver-bullet technical solution, or one silver-bullet policy solution either.” 

Rather than treating carbon pricing as a fix-all solution, to see real change, governments must decide to frontload their funding, as opposed to spending a small portion each year. Although legislators may have trouble justifying this hefty initial sum politically, pure economic reasoning can justify these investments even when we leave out the costs of climate-related disasters, health impacts, and loss of ecosystem services. 

Wagner explained that, on a global scale, these measures are feasible. If we redirect investments from high-emissions assets, such as fossil fuel extraction, to clean energy, and consider how much is currently spent on clean technologies and infrastructure, then the costs of reaching global emission targets start to shrink. 

“The difference between current policies and net-zero by 2050 is only $25 trillion in total spending over the next 30 years, or less than an extra $1 trillion per year on average,” Wagner said. 

This extra annual cost is less than half the total military spending worldwide in 2022, which amounted to 2.2 trillion USD. 

He stated that ultimately, the right policy would not be to simply price the “optimal fee.” The solution is a mix of different measures: Subsidies and regulations, providing alternative sources of energy, redirecting funds away from high-emissions technologies, and investing in efficient ones. 

For context, Wagner used the example of a U.S. policy set in 2007 that enacted the switch from incandescent to LED lightbulbs. Predictions about initial investments paying for themselves due to dramatically higher energy efficiency drove this policy. Soon after the U.S. implemented this policy, many countries followed suit. 

Wagner ended by emphasizing that the solution to climate change will happen with the right mix of different approaches. A large part of the solution involves applying our scientific knowledge to direct policy and using all of our current technologies to achieve this. 

“It’s technology, it’s behavior, and it’s policy,” said Wagner. “The name of the game is to actually get on with it.” 

Research Briefs, Science & Technology

How exoenzymes changed the fate of organic matter

by K. Coco Zhang on

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The very first life on Earth appeared 3.8 billion years ago as individual cells called heterotrophs, which were dependent on external food sources. Over the years, these simple heterotrophic cells underwent countless evolutionary changes, transforming into the planet’s diverse range of present-day animals. Despite the critical importance of evolution for life on Earth, the metabolic processes—life-sustaining reactions that convert food into energy—the evolutionary changes underlying them remain poorly understood. 

In a recently published paper, Nagissa Mahmoudi, associate professor in McGill’s Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, and her team discussed current evidence in the evolution of Earth’s early oceans, particularly the production of exoenzymes—degradative enzymes used for digestion.

Mahmoudi’s team chose to write a Perspective paper—a type of article showcasing the author’s personal opinion. Perspective pieces are generally speculative and forward-looking. They also aim to raise awareness of the latest research in a certain field. Although a Perspective paper does not allow the inclusion of new data, it permits the re-analysis of existing data.

“The reason that we focused on [marine life] is because we think life started in the oceans,” Mahmoudi said in an interview with The Tribune. “We think that’s where life has evolved and where life is dominant.” 

Mahmoudi aimed to extend the understanding of modern oceans and to make inferences about how early forms of life evolved and functioned in ancient oceans.

“We would like to gather geobiological evidence from the modern ocean where we know exoenzymes are really important and bridge the gap between our understanding of the modern ocean and what it would have looked like in the past,” Mahmoudi said. 

The emergence of exoenzymes represents a vital step in the early evolution of heterotrophs. Exoenzymes break down macromolecules—large molecules composed of smaller constituents—into their subunits. The breakdown of macromolecules is crucial as it makes food particles small enough for the cell to take up. 

“The proteins and carbohydrates are too big for the [cells] to take up,” Mahmoudi said. “If you figure out a way to cut the protein in half to eat it up, then you have access to way more food.”

For complex organisms such as humans, this process occurs in the digestive system in which exoenzymes break down foods into small molecules, including amylases, proteases, and lipases. 

Cells then take up the small molecules produced by exoenzymes to support various cellular functions essential for life. 

For example, amylases break down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars; proteases break down proteins into amino acids; and lipases break down triglycerides—a type of fat that circulates in the blood—into free fatty acids and glycerol. A molecule with diverse functions, glycerol enables processes such as cellular respiration and photosynthesis. 

Despite the importance of exoenzymes, Earth’s first heterotrophs lacked the ability to secrete them. As such, most food sources, primarily organic matter, were largely inaccessible to heterotrophs in the early evolution of life.

In addition to being a food source for marine microbes, organic matter also contributes to carbon dioxide emissions and marine sediments. 

“In modern oceans, 99 per cent of the organic matter gets broken down and respired back to carbon dioxide, and one per cent is buried and sequestered,” Mahmoudi said. “But in ancient oceans, the microbes weren’t able to break down and take up the organic matter. Then more of the organic matter will end up being buried in the bottom of the ocean.”

This phenomenon suggests that the fate of organic matter in the marine environment has shifted with the emergence of exoenzymes.

“When the organic materials settle down into the ocean, there would have been fewer nutrients available for the microbes in ancient oceans,” Mahmoudi said.

Mahmoudi’s research points to the importance of exoenzymes and their role in the evolution of marine life. Her paper also identifies a need for future research into the processes underlying the emergence of exoenzymes as well as the biogeochemical context in which they appeared.

Commentary, Opinion

Becoming a 5-star chef has never been easier 

by Sarah Allen-Cheng on

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The transition to apartment life can be a daunting experience for many students. On top of the heavy workload that accompanies attending McGill––the prestigious academic institution we all know it to be––students are faced with balancing perhaps the most strenuous task of apartment-living: Cooking for themselves. Perpetual dissatisfaction with one’s meals seems to be a rite of passage for university students. For those surviving off freezer-burned bagels and cheap coffee for breakfast, followed by a box of Kraft Dinner every night, precarity makes the fulfillment of all the recommended food groups unfortunately out of the question. 

For many already busy students, the reality of an unfulfilling diet satisfies the palate, or is simply unavoidable due to financial constraints and skyrocketing food prices. However, for those looking to create slightly more complex and nutritious meals while remaining within the confines of a student budget, they face a more tedious and stress-inducing experience. Luckily, a new and increasingly popular solution to this issue has emerged: Recipe videos on TikTok that teach university students how to cook quick, healthy, and oftentimes affordable meals with just a single swipe. This side of the app is more popularly known as “FoodTok.” Aspiring student chefs can say goodbye to the cookbook, with its inaccessibility and high prices, and hello to a new, more democratic online era of cooking.

One of the biggest constraints preventing university students from unleashing their full culinary potential is time. After all, figuring out which meal to prepare after a lengthy day of classes or endless hours studying at Redpath is often one of the last things a McGill student wants to do. Through the app’s design, users are shown seconds-long snippets that are interesting, entertaining, and informative. Users are guided by short, easy-to-follow recipes that cater to beginner cooks. Here, the structure of TikTok provides a crucial service: It allows overwhelmed and overworked students not to think. 

This online cooking explosion ensures that those with little-to-no culinary experience have the opportunity to whip up high-quality, michelin-star level meals in the blink of an eye. Want an under-25 minute meal idea? Hop on TikTok and take your pick of delicious meals ranging from creamy pesto pasta to chicken chow mein.

Another issue facing today’s student chefs is the high cost of food—whether this involves eating out or grocery shopping. Fortunately, many of the TikTok cooking posts emphasize cooking on a budget. The high cost of food affects almost all students whether they are funding part or all of their college or university education, as home cooking is no longer a viable means to affordable and healthy food. TikTok videos exist for every possible budget, advising viewers about what to buy and where to shop for healthy bargains. 

For college students, many of whom are living away from home for the first time in their lives and are inexperienced in the kitchen, this sense of community among student chefs is particularly helpful. The TikTok cooking community lets participants share their creations, ask for advice, and learn from others, creating a supportive cooking network. This community acts as a constant source of culinary inspiration and innovation, encouraging students to step out of their comfort zones and try new recipes and techniques. Even celebrities contribute to “FoodTok” to share and popularize their creations––any FoodTok frequenter is familiar with Gigi Hadid pasta and Dwayne Johnson’s famous coconut banana pancakes.

It turns out, cooking and other independent responsibilities don’t have to be as overly complicated as they’re so commonly painted out to be. Online cooking recipes have ushered in a new culinary culture in which students can create easy, affordable and delicious meals, and for that, all university students have TikTok creators to thank.

Off the Board, Opinion

Diary of a Dad Friend

by Ella Paulin on

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Sometimes I wonder if I was destined to become the “Dad Friend.” The label attached itself to me well before my friends bought me “#1 Dad” socks for Christmas. It became almost certain when my roommate began saying “Thanks, Dad” as they slid over their leftover dinner for me to finish. By the end of my first year of university, I was forced to accept that I had slipped, inevitably and deeply, into this role––I even had the socks to prove it. By the time I looked up from doing the dishes the other day to explain that the song playing was actually a cover of the Grateful Dead, it was old news.

Ticking 21 of the 29 boxes on BuzzFeed’s “Are You the Dad Friend?” quiz, I have to ask myself: How did I get here? 

At first glance, many of these behaviours result from an imitation of my own Dad. The jeans and plain sweater uniform, the habit of ordering black coffee, and the taste for goofy jokes certainly seem to support this argument. Perhaps lesbian stereotypes play a role as well; when it comes to button-downs and working with tools, I sometimes even out-Dad my own father. 

However, I have come to believe that there is something deeper at play here. Some quirk of personality that underlies all these surface-level behaviors. But what is that, exactly? What is this “Dad essence” that my friends are constantly picking up on?

Asking around in preparation for this article, I got a variety of responses. Some friends emphasized a particular brand of “goofy intellectualism” or a “caring disposition,” two traits I think I can live with. But others noted a desire to educate, or even a feeling that they needed to meet my approval. This is about when a troubling word began to surface: “Paternal.” 

“Paternal,” in itself, means simply “pertaining to a father.” However, its connotations are far-reaching, and its counterpart, “paternalistic,” which describes a government that makes decisions for its citizens out of a supposed sense that it knows their best interests, is an important reminder of the key role that unchecked power plays in fatherhood. 

By nature, fatherhood involves an age gap, a degree of physical control over the home, financial authority, and, often, a gender imbalance. All of these factors, in combination with the emotional influence of having a child who will naturally seek their approval, contribute to a huge and unequal power dynamic between father and child. This creates an environment––as with any power dynamic––that can foster emotional distance, manipulation, and even abuse. 

I am, as a result, in an interesting position. I have an “impression” of Dad-ness, but without the age gap, without the financial or physical power (as anyone who’s ever arm-wrestled with me will tell you) and also as someone assigned female at birth. So what does it mean, then, to be a Dad without the power imbalance? Does this position allow me to subvert the unique dynamics of gender, age, and control and make being a Dad Friend an act of rebellion against the patriarchy? Or, is this collection of habits and traits a result of internalized sexism, which recreates and reinforces existing power dynamics, even when the oppressor is absent? 

This reminds me of a classic debate between second and third-wave feminists: The former seeking to imitate men to gain equal power and influence, the latter embracing femininity as its own, uniquely valuable, asset. Perhaps a rewatch of the Barbie movie is in order to help untangle my position here. 

Either way, when I pause a movie for the fourteenth time in the first five minutes, or as I offer an unrequested explanation of the nuances between USB-A, USB-B, and USB-C cables, it bears taking a moment to pause and ask exactly what power structures I’m participating in, exactly what interpersonal relationships I’m emulating, and whether I’m working to dismantle or to strengthen them.

McGill, News

Science, storytelling, and stepping up: Conference highlights hope about the climate crisis

by Helen Griffiths-Barnhart on

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On Oct. 12 and 13, McGill University’s Bieler School of Environment hosted the “Montréal 2140: Hopeful Futures in Science and Storytelling” climate conference. The conference included a series of events that worked toward inspiring productive discourse around climate change and enabling younger generations to uncover hopeful narratives for the future. The conference brought together researchers, writers, scientists, and activists to gather a multitude of diverse perspectives, and to craft an art-centric mélange of both scientific fact and fictional storytelling.  

Over the two-day period, the conference hosted multiple panels, workshops, and keynote speakers. Much of the event discussed the newly emerging literary genre called Hopepunk—a subgenre of speculative fiction that seeks to illuminate the themes of scientific transformation, discovery, and empathy. The resulting conversations addressed the importance of art as a cathartic medium, and emphasized recognizing the privilege certain people have in regard to the immediate climate action they can take. The conference highlighted how respecting people’s diverse temporalities and methods of communication is essential to creating a space for authentic, reflective conversation.

“There’s a lot of solidarity [at this conference],” Tamara Ghandour, U2 Science, said. “When you lose hope in the world because you look at all these people in power who are just not doing anything about the environment […] it’s nice to be reminded that there […] are communities where you can foster that hope.” 

Despite these conversations taking place on campus, many attendees did not feel that McGill adopts the same attitudes towards sustainability. When asked how the conference aligns with McGill’s sustainability goals, first-year Ph.D. student B. Parazin pointed out, “McGill has yet to divest from fossil fuels, which is a pretty big sticking point.”

The Tribune reached out to McGill Media Relations Officer Frédérique Mazerolle to enquire about McGill’s progress on its sustainability goals and objectives. Mazerolle, citing the university’s climate strategy, stated that the university was on its way to achieving its targets. 

“The University has a long-standing commitment towards sustainability and social responsibility in investment that has already expressed itself in several initiatives and measures,” Mazerolle wrote. “The University’s 2020-2025 Climate & Sustainability Strategy identifies achievable actions focused on the University’s operations and academic activities that will further position McGill as a leader among universities with respect to sustainability.”

Along with faculty-led events, the conference included an entirely student-organized panel that sparked conversations about how students can shift their mindsets to incorporate hope and optimism in their lives.

Daphne Chalmers—a third-year master’s student in the Faculty of Education and a member of the conference planning committee—expressed the value she sees in collaboration between students and faculty.

“What I was excited about here was the chance to have intergenerational dialogue because not often do students get to talk to faculty members and say what they want,” Chalmers said. “I think [the conference] breaks down some of that power dynamic.”

During the event, science communication and ecology professor Diane Dechief co-hosted a workshop that discussed prompting climate change conversations and inspiring hope in educational spaces. She examined the different ways people communicate in institutional settings and highlighted the empathy required to create genuine conversations about climate action and the future.

“I feel like in universities, we’re trained to speak and write in a certain way to participate in the disciplines we’re a part of, which is important, but it’s also really important to speak from the heart in a more casual and colloquial way because those are the real ways we think and understand each other,” Dechief said.

Recipes, Student Life

Savoury pumpkin recipes to keep you cozy this fall

by K. Coco Zhang on

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Autumn brings about gorgeous golden-orange colours, crisp air, crunching leaves underfoot, and the smell of woodsmoke. It also means the arrival of pumpkins: Pumpkin soup, stew, pies, cookies, bread, pancakes, drinks, and candies. As pumpkin has become a flavour nearly synonymous with fall, The Tribune has compiled hearty and mouthwatering pumpkin recipes that are perfect for a chilly fall day.

For pasta lovers: Creamy Pumpkin Pasta

While bolognese, carbonara, or amatriciana might be your all-time favourite, this soul-soothing pumpkin pasta is a great fall classic edition.

Ingredients:

  • 200g of whole-wheat pasta (cooked according to package directions)
  • ¼ cup of olive oil
  • 2 tsp of garlic, minced 
  • 1 cup pumpkin purée
  • 2 tbsp milk of choice
  • 1 tbsp white wine vinegar
  • ¾ cup vegetable broth 
  • 3-4 sage leaves (or ½ tsp of dried sage)
  • ½ cup of parmesan, grated (optional)
  • 2 cups of spinach
  • ¼ cup of walnuts, chopped 
  • 2 tbsp of pumpkin seeds, roasted 
  • Salt, to taste
  • Pepper, to taste

Steps:

  1. Over medium heat, cook the olive oil and garlic in a saucepan for 2-3 minutes.
  2. Add the pumpkin purée, milk, vinegar, broth, salt, and pepper to the saucepan. Whisk and let simmer for about 5 minutes.
  3. Add the sage and parmesan to the saucepan. Let simmer for about 2-3 minutes.
  4. Remove from heat. Add the spinach and mix together.
  5. Add the cooked pasta. Top with walnuts, pumpkin seeds, and extra parmesan (optional). Garnish with sage. Serve warm.
  6. Store the leftovers in the fridge for 3-5 days or in the freezer for up to 3 months.

For rice lovers: Creamy Vegan Pumpkin Risotto

When you feel like treating yourself on a relaxed weeknight, this hearty pumpkin risotto full of fresh fall flavours is an amazing choice.

Ingredients:

  • 6 cups of vegetable broth
  • 425g of pumpkin purée
  • 2 tbsp of extra virgin olive oil
  • 1 large shallot, finely diced
  • 2-3 garlic cloves, minced
  • ½ tbsp of sage leaves, sliced
  • ⅛ tsp of nutmeg
  • 2 cups of arborio rice
  • ¾ cup of dry white wine (such as Pinot Grigio)
  • ½ cup of vegan parmesan cheese, grated
  • Salt, to taste
  • Black pepper, to taste

Steps:

  1. Add the vegetable broth and pumpkin purée to a medium-to-large pot. Whisk until evenly combined. 
  2. Bring the pumpkin broth to a simmer over medium-low heat while preparing the rest of the ingredients; the broth should remain at this temperature when added to the risotto.
  3. Pour the olive oil into a large pan over medium-high heat. 
  4. Add the shallot, garlic, and sage to the oil once warm. Cook for 2-3 minutes, until the onion is translucent and the garlic starts to brown. 
  5. Add the nutmeg and arborio rice to the pan and mix well. Toast the arborio rice for 2-3 minutes, until the rice becomes more translucent. 
  6. Pour the white wine into the pan to deglaze it. Simmer for 3-5 minutes, until most of the liquid has evaporated from the pan and until the scent of alcohol has left.
  7. Combine ¾ cup of the warm pumpkin broth with the rice in the pan. Reduce the heat to medium-low and stir the mixture frequently to ensure the rice is cooked evenly. 
  8. When the spoon leaves a dry path after dragging it through the mixture, add an additional ½ cup of warm broth. Repeat this process with the remaining broth. 
  9. Cook the rice for 20-25 minutes until creamy. Turn the heat off and stir in the grated vegan parmesan. Season with salt and pepper to taste, if desired. Serve warm. 
  10. Top with a small drizzle of olive oil, extra sprinkles of parmesan, pumpkin seeds, and a sage leaf (optional).
  11. Risotto is best enjoyed fresh. Leftovers can be kept in the fridge for up to 5 days.

These recipes were adapted from Jar of Lemons’s Creamy Pumpkin Pasta and From My Bowl’s Creamy Vegan Pumpkin Risotto.

Student Life

Indigenous Voices of Today exhibit showcases culture and resilience

by Mia Helfrich on

More in Student Life:

You’re in a forest. Dappled light filters through a lush maple canopy and wraps you in a green cocoon. This is the entrance to the Indigenous Voices of Today: Knowledge, Trauma, and Resilience exhibit at the McCord Stewart Museum, which displays various Indigenous artifacts that highlight Indigenous cultures and histories. 

The exhibit opened in 2021 and is on permanent display, with over 100 artifacts on rotation. For over eight years, Huron-Wendat curator and professor Élisabeth Kaine, who passed away in 2022, travelled to all 11 of the Indigenous nations in Québec and gathered around 800 testimonies. Quotes from her travels adorn the exhibit. 

The exhibition is divided into two main rooms: One on Indigenous culture, and one on Indigenous trauma. 

In the center of the forest-themed foyer, a large circular screen provides video interviews of Indigenous spokespeople, including Joséphine Bacon, an Innu author from Québec. Immediately, visitors are greeted by Indigenous voices and perspectives.

“It’s truly Indigenous people expressing themselves and what they went through, what they believe is important, and what their aspirations for the future are,” Johnathan Lainey, a member of the Huron-Wendat nation and Curator of Indigenous Cultures at the McCord Museum, said in an interview with The Tribune.

The first room is white and well-lit. Canoe-shaped tables hold artifacts from many aspects of Indigenous culture. One table, titled Moving, displays Indigenous transportation methods, with models of canoes, toboggans, and snowshoes. Other Indigenous technologies include hunting equipment such as Inuit harpoons and knives, highlighting groups’ no-waste and efficient hunting practices. The materials of the artifacts range from ivory to sinew. 

The section titled Children are the Centre showcases the love within Indigenous families One table is dedicated almost entirely to baby carriers called cradleboards. A series of monochrome photos display mothers from different Indigenous communities and their children. They are smiling, the babies laughing in their cradleboards. While the physical objects inform one of the items that Indigenous peoples make and use, the photos help connect those objects to the people using them. 

“The [quotes] are written with ‘we,’” Lainey noted. “So it’s our stories, it’s our traumas. It’s us.”

Other features of the exhibit help contextualize the artifacts and photos. A map on the left-hand wall shows Indigenous communities across Canada, with markers for the 11 nations in Québec. Videos document Indigenous craftspeople and homelands. 

“The more you appreciate the first section, the more you feel the violence of the second section,” Lainey said.

The following room is black and dim, with a burnt forest along the back wall. Monochrome photos show the inside of residential schools, capturing how white supremacist, settler colonial policy stripped away Indigenous children’s culture and language. Totems are featured to explain how Indigenous religious practices were invalidated and judged. A television presents movies that feature damaging stereotypes of Indigenous people. In the center, a beaded, bright red dress is dedicated to missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls. Each testimony, written in red, is impactful and revealing. The walls are lined with artifacts, forcing the visitor to circulate in near-darkness.

“Now that we acknowledge Indigenous trauma, what do we do? So this is where the exhibition becomes a tool for better understanding and living together,” Lainey told The Tribune.

The exhibit ends with a room similar to the foyer, with trees and a video greeting. Centred on resilience, the room encourages visitors to be proactive about supporting Indigenous communities. One can write a message in a notebook and receive a pamphlet with ten actions they can do to support Indigenous peoples. 

“We must rewrite the story of our lives by breaking the silence,” Kaine wrote on the wall at the end of the exhibition.

The exhibit is open from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. on weekends and from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Tuesday-Friday.

Admission is $15 for students and free for members of Indigenous communities.

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